<p>The Heyward-Washington House is a historic house museum at 87 Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina. Built in 1772, it was home to Thomas Heyward, Jr., a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, and was where George Washington stayed during his 1791 visit to the city. It is now owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. Furnished for the late 18th century, the house includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture. Other structures include the carriage shed and 1740s kitchen building.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1772, this Georgian-style double house was the town home of Thomas Heyward, Jr., one of four South Carolina signers of the Declaration of Independence. A patriot leader and artillery officer with the South Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War, Heyward was captured when the British took Charleston in 1780. He was exiled to St. Augustine, Florida, but was exchanged in 1781.</p><br>
<p>The City rented this house for George Washingtons use during the Presidents week-long Charleston stay, in May 1791, and it has traditionally been called the "Heyward-Washington House." Heyward sold the house in 1794 to John F. Grimke, also a Revolutionary War officer and father of Sarah and Angeline Grimke, the famous abolitionists and suffragettes. It was acquired by the museum in 1929, opened the following year as Charleston&#39;s first historic house museum, and was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Here you will see a superb collection of historic Charleston-made furniture including the priceless Holmes Bookcase, considered one of the finest examples of American-made colonial furniture. The property also features the only 1740s kitchen building open to the public in Charleston as well as formal gardens featuring plants commonly used in the South Carolina Lowcountry in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Cap is a mountain located in Ulster County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Cap is flanked to the north by Friday Mountain, and to the southwest by Rocky Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The northeast and southeast slopes of Balsam Cap drain into Maltby Hollow Brook, thence into Bush Kill, the Ashokan Reservoir, Esopus Creek, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of Balsam Cap drains into the headwaters of Rondout Creek, thence into the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of Balsam Cap drains into the East Branch of the Neversink River, the Delaware River, and into Delaware Bay.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Cap is within the Slide Mountain Wilderness of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>Friday Mountain is a mountain located in Ulster County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Friday Mountain is flanked to the north by Cornell Mountain, and to the south by Balsam Cap.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of Friday Mountain drains into Maltby Hollow Brook, thence into Bush Kill, the Ashokan Reservoir, Esopus Creek, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northeast side of Friday Mtn. drains into Wittenberg Brook, thence into Maltby Hollow Brook.</p><br>
<p>The western slopes of Friday Mtn. drain into the headwaters of the East Branch of the Neversink River, thence into the Delaware River, and into Delaware Bay.</p><br>
<p>Friday Mountain is within the Slide Mountain Wilderness of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>Cornell Mountain is a mountain located in Ulster County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Burroughs Range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Cornell Mountain is flanked to the northeast by Wittenberg Mountain, to the southwest by Friday Mountain, and to the west by 4,180 ft Slide Mountain — the highest peak in the Catskills.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of Cornell Mountain drains into Woodland Creek, thence into Esopus Creek, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The east and southeast sides of Cornell Mtn. drain into the Wittenberg Brook, thence into Maltby Hollow Brook, Bush Kill, and Esopus Creek.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of Cornell Mtn. drains into the headwaters of the east branch of the Neversink River, thence into the Delaware River, and into Delaware Bay.</p><br>
<p>Cornell Mountain is within the Slide Mountain Wilderness of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail from New York City to Albany, is contiguous with the section of the Burroughs Range Trail crossing the summits of Slide, Cornell, and Wittenberg.</p><br>
<p>The Thayer Public Library is a public library located in the town of Braintree, Massachusetts with 102,000 books, 200 periodical subscriptions, and 8,000 videos, DVDs, music CDs, and audiobooks. The library is a member of the Old Colony Library Network.</p><br>
<h2>About the library</h2><br>
<p>The library is named for General Sylvanus Thayer, who helped found it through a $20,000 bequest in his will. The original building was dedicated June 4, 1874, and opened to the public in September of the same year. It operated as a library until 1953, when it was replaced by a larger building across the street. The 1874 building was occupied by the Braintree Water Department for many years, but is currently vacant. This building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 the 1953 library building was razed to and replaced by the current three-story brick postmodern building that opened in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Antitrust lawsuit participation</h2><br>
<p>In March 2008, the Thayer Public Library was notified that it was among several libraries in Massachusetts that would share in the 2002 settlement of an antitrust case that was brought against BMG, EMI Music, Warner Music Group, and Sony Music Entertainment by the antitrust division of Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley’s office, along with the Attorneys General of thirty-nine other states. The lawsuit was settled in 2002 for $144 million, and alleged that the music distribution companies illegally inflated the price of CDs by requiring retailers to sell them at or above a set level in order to qualify for substantial advertising funding.</p><br>
<p>The Chew-Powell House is a historic building in the Blenheim section of Gloucester Township, Camden County, New Jersey, United States. It was built in 1688 by James Whitall. The Chew-Powell-Wallens Burying Ground, next to the house, is considered to be the oldest cemetery in the township, and it reportedly contains the remains of early settlers, soldiers of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and Leni Lenape Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The well-preserved structure, which is privately owned and maintained, currently serves as a private residence. It was listed in the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection&#39;s Historic Preservation Office in 1974 (ID# 957), and the National Register of Historic Places three months later in 1975 (NR reference #: 75001127).</p><br>
<p>The Walt Whitman House is a historic building in Camden, Camden County, New Jersey, United States, which was the last residence of American poet Walt Whitman, in his declining years before his death. It is located at 330 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, known as Mickle St. during Whitman&#39;s time there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1873, Whitman suffered a paralytic stroke and, in May the same year, his mother Louisa Whitman died; both events left him depressed. Louisa was in Camden, New Jersey at the time and Whitman arrived three days before her death. He returned to Washington, D. C., where he had been living, only briefly before returning to Camden to live with his brother George, paying room and board. Whitman spent the Christmas of 1883 with friends in Germantown, Pennsylvania while his brother was building a farmhouse in Burlington, New Jersey that included accommodations for the poet. Instead of moving with his brother, however, Whitman purchased the Mickle Street House in Camden in the spring of 1884. He was 65, and it was the first home he owned. Whitman called it his "shanty" or "coop", emphasizing its shabbiness. His brother George did not approve of the purchase and the decision strained their relationship. Others questioned Whitman&#39;s judgment as well. A friend called it "the worst house and the worst situated". Another friend noted it "was the last place one would expect a poet to select for a home."</p><br>
<p>The lot on which the home was standing was purchased in 1847 by a clerk named Adam Hare for $350. It was likely Hare who built the house. Whitman later invited Mary Davis, a sailor&#39;s widow living a few blocks away, to serve as his housekeeper in exchange for free rent in the house. She moved in February 24, 1885, bringing with her a cat, a dog, two turtledoves, a canary, and other assorted animals.</p><br>
<p>While living in the home, Whitman completed several poems, many focused on public events. One was a sonnet published in the February 22, 1885, issue of the Philadelphia Press called "Ah, Not This Granite Dead and Cold" which commemorated the completion of the Washington Monument. Some of Whitman&#39;s writing was done in his bedroom, which visitors noted was similar to a newspaper office, piled with stacks of paper. During his years in the house, however, Whitman only earned an estimated $1,300, of which only $20 came from royalties from Leaves of Grass and about $350 came from new works. The majority of his earnings were donations from admirers and well-wishers.</p><br>
<p>Whitmans health had been failing since before he moved into the home and he began making preparations for his death. For $4,000, he commissioned a granite house-shaped mausoleum which he visited often during its construction. In the last week of his life, too weak to lift a knife or fork, he wrote: "I suffer all the time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony — monotony — monotony — in pain." He spent his last years preparing a final edition of Leaves of Grass. At the end of 1891, he wrote to a friend: "L. of G. at last complete—after 33 yrs of hackling at it, all times & moods of my life, fair weather & foul, all parts of the land, and peace & war, young & old". In January 1892, an announcement was published in the New York Herald in which Whitman asked that "this new 1892 edition... absolutely supersede all previous ones. Faulty as it is, he decides it as by far his special and entire self-chosen poetic utterance." The final edition of Leaves of Grass was published in 1892 and is referred to as the "deathbed edition".</p><br>
<p>Whitman died at 6:43 p.m. on March 26, 1892, a few days before his 73rd birthday. His autopsy was performed at the home and revealed that the left lung had collapsed and the right was at one-eighth its breathing capacity. A public viewing of Whitman&#39;s body was also held at the Camden home; over one thousand people visited in three hours. In his final years, Whitman had noted his appreciation for the house and for Camden. He wrote, "Camden was originally an accident—but I shall never be sorry. I was left over in Camden. It has brought me blessed returns."</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>After Whitmans death, the majority of the homes contents remained at the house. His heirs sold it to the city of Camden in 1921 and it was opened to the public five years later. In 1947, ownership was passed to the state of New Jersey. and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1966 (NR reference #: 66000461). The surrounding area was designated in 1970 as the Walt Whitman Neighborhood (ID# 935) within the state, and the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 (NR reference #: 78001752).</p><br>
<p>The Walt Whitman House is operated as a museum by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. The home is now open to the public. It is operated with help from the Walt Whitman Association. Included in the collection is the bed in which the poet died and the death notice that was taped to his front door.</p><br>
<p>Wittenberg Mountain is a mountain located in Ulster County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Burroughs Range of the Catskill Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Wittenberg is flanked to the southwest by Cornell Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Wittenberg Mountain stands within the watershed of Esopus Creek, which drains into the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northwest and northeast slopes of Wittenberg Mtn. drain into Woodland Creek, thence into Esopus Creek.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of Wittenberg drains into Wittenberg Brook, thence into Maltby Hollow Brook, Bush Kill, and Esopus Creek at Ashokan Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Wittenberg Mountain is within the Slide Mountain Wilderness of New York&#39;s Catskill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail from New York City to Albany, is contiguous with the section of the Burroughs Range Trail crossing the summits of Slide, Cornell, and Wittenberg.</p><br>
<p>Africatown, also known as AfricaTown USA and Plateau, is a historic community located three miles  north of downtown Mobile, Alabama. It was formed by West Africans, who in 1860, were among the last known illegal shipment of slaves to the United States from Africa, after the Atlantic slave trade had been banned. These people created their own community in this area. They retained their West African customs and language for many years following the American Civil War. The last survivor of the group lived until 1935. The Africatown Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1860 some wealthy slaveholders of Mobile and their friends decided to see if they could evade the law and succeed in importing slaves from Africa. This Atlantic slave trade had been prohibited by the United States since 1808, although the domestic slave trade had continued. The men bet each other they could elude federal authorities. Timothy Meaher, a shipbuilder and landowner; his brother Byrnes Meaher, John Dabey, and others invested money to hire a crew and captain for one of Meaher&#39;s ships to go to Africa and bring back laborers for slaves.</p><br>
<p>They used Timothy Meaher&#39;s ship Clotilde commanded by Captain William Foster. It sailed in 1860 from Ghana, West Africa for its final destination of Mobile. Over 100 Ghanaians were aboard, having been sold into bondage by the King of Dahomey. Dahomey warriors raided a village near the city of Tamale in Ghana, and took the survivors to Whydah, now Benin, where they were put up for sale. The captured tribesmen were sold for $100 each to William Foster, captain of the Clotilde.</p><br>
<p>In early July 1860, the Clotilde entered Mobile Bay and approached the port of Mobile. Captain Foster loaded the slaves onto a riverboat and sent them ashore; he set fire to the Clotilde to hide the evidence of its captives. The Africans were distributed among the parties who had invested in the venture. Federal authorities learned of this illegal activity and prosecuted Meaher and his partners. The 1861 federal court case of US v. Byrnes Meaher, Timothy Meaher and John Dabey did not find enough evidence to convict Meaher. The case was dismissed. Historians believe the start of the American Civil War was the reason the federal government dropped the case.</p><br>
<p>Thirty-two Africans had been taken to Magazine Point, the property owned by Timothy Meaher north of Mobile. As the government was investigating the illegal importation, the Africans were left on their own to survive. They developed a community here that became known as Africatown. Among the Africans was a man named Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis. He was the last survivor of the original group, living until 1935.</p><br>
<p>The group built shelters of whatever they found growing in the Alabama forests, and adapted their hunting to the rich game they found in the area. After the Civil War and emancipation, they were joined by a number of their fellow tribesmen. A man who became known as Charlie Poteet was their chief; their medicine man was named Jabez. In time, they formed a self-governing society. They spoke their native language and carried on their tribal traditions into the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Gradually the original group of settlers and their descendants dwindled, as people moved to other areas. Their children went to public schools and learned English. Remaining members would gather on Sundays after church to discuss the group&#39;s welfare. Of the remaining people, Cudjoe Lewis was the best known. He gave interviews to the many writers who studied Africatown during the early 20th century. Up until World War II, Africatown survived as a distinct community.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>Most of the community now lies within Mobile&#39;s northern city limits. Part of the community was taken over in the development of the western approach of the Cochrane-Africatown USA Bridge, completed in 1992. In 1997, descendants and friends formed the Africatown Community Mobilization Project to seek recognition of an Africatown Historical District and encourage the restoration and development of the town site.</p><br>
<p>Roughly bounded by Jakes Lane, Paper Mill, & Warren roads, and Chin and Railroad streets, The Africatown Historic District was subsequently affirmed as significant by the National Park Service and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Village of East Davenport, also known simply as The Village is located along the Mississippi River on the southeast side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as the Davenport Village.</p><br>
<p>It is roughly defined as the area between the Mississippi River, Spring, Judson, and 13th Streets, Kirkwood Boulevard and Jersey Ridge Road. The historic district was started as an independent community and became a part of the city of Davenport within five years. Today it is a shopping and entertainment area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1851 William H. Hildreth and Dr. G.W. Witherwax laid out a town they called Upper Davenport, which would later be called East Davenport. The area was a broad ravine along a bend of the Mississippi at the foot of the Rock Island Rapids. The area was known to rivermen as "Stubb&#39;s Eddy" for a hermit who lived in a cave in the area whose name was James R. Stubbs. The small town was ten blocks in size. By 1856 it had been incorporated into the city of Davenport.</p><br>
<p>The first industry in the town was a steam-powered sawmill which was established by Robert Christie in 1851. In the 1860s it became Lindsay & Phelps. In 1854 the Renwick & Sons mill opened. Logs were rafted down the river from the forests in the north and were processed at the mills.</p><br>
<p>In 1856 the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River was built just south of The Village. The railroad was important in moving the lumber from the mills to the frontier out west. In 1874 the Davenport and Northwestern Railroad, which became part of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, built a railroad trestle on the west side of The Village that remains today.</p><br>
<p>Davenport became the home to five army camps during the Civil War. Camp McClellan, the largest of the camps, was established in 1861. As the war escalated the camp served as a hospital. It was also the location of a prison for 300 members of a Sioux tribe who were involved in raids in Minnesota. They were released when President Abraham Lincoln commuted their sentences and sent them to reservations in the West.</p><br>
<p>On July 24, 1901, one of the worst fires in Davenport history occurred in The Village. A shanty town had grown up around the Weyerhaeuser Mill, Lindsay & Phelps Mill, the Roberts wood yard, and the Standard Oil storage tanks. The area was a square mile of shingles, kindling, sawdust and 60 ft high piles of lumber. The fire began at the Rock Island Fuel Company and spread quickly. The fire was so hot it warped the rails of the railroad bed and buckled the pavement, The fire moved toward the downtown area, but stopped at the Tremont Avenue hill where St. Katherines Hall, an Episcopal girls school, was located. In the end, 20 acres of land were burned, 250 people were left homeless and businesses suffered $1.25 million in losses.</p><br>
<p>The Village was also the scene for a raid at the East Davenport Turner&#39;s Hall during Prohibition in 1928. A Federal Prohibition officer and Davenport Police Officers seized 4,185 bottles of homebrew, 90 gallons of mash, 15 crocks, 50 cans of malt, beer cases, capers and other materials for making beer.</p><br>
<p>Today the Village of East Davenport contains many of its original Civil War era buildings that house speciality shops, restaurants, taverns and other businesses. The building stock largely dates from 1848 to 1910. The Village was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 1980. The former Pierce School is individually listed on the NRHP. Lindsay Park was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Places in 1998 and Indian Springs Park in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Firle Beacon is a hill in the South Downs of southern England. It is 217 metres high and is a Marilyn. It commands a far-reaching view. When the prevailing wind is northerly, the site is often used for gliding activities like slope soaring.</p><br>
<h2>Barrows</h2><br>
<p>In the area of Firle Beacon is a Neolithic long barrow and several round barrows. Round barrows generally date from the early Bronze Age.</p><br>
<p>At Firle Beacon itself is a bowl barrow, about 60 ft in diameter and 3.5 ft high. It was opened in 1820; finds included two cremation urns.</p><br>
<p>The long barrow, 220m west of Firle Beacon, is about 112 ft long, 70 ft wide and 8.5 ft high. It has an east-west orientation, and has a surrounding ditch, more noticeable on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>There are other round barrows within a kilometre of Firle Beacon, to the west and east.</p><br>
<p>The Nihon Go Gakko, in what was then Tacoma, Washington&#39;s Japantown, was one of 24 Japanese language schools that existed in Washington prior to World War II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1922 to replace a smaller building and accommodate a larger enrollment. It was designed by Frederick Heath of Heath, Gove and Bell. Because Washington had laws preventing aliens from owning land, the lot was paid for by a school corporation that was made up of three Americans, and two Issei Japanese Americans. Two lots were bought for a total cost of $1,600, and the building was built at a cost of $9,000. An addition to the building was added in 1926. The school taught classes on the English language, the Japanese language, and Japanese culture.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the building was used to gather Japanese residents during World War II, before sending them to internment camps.</p><br>
<p>The University of Washington bought the building in 1993 after it established a campus in Tacoma. By this point, the decades of vacancy had left the building quite dilapidated. The same year, the university had made a request to the Tacoma Landmarks Preservation Commission for permission to demolish the building and replace it with a commemorative garden, but failed to act on their approval. In 2001, the City of Tacoma told the university that the building was a safety hazard and the following year the Preservation Commission renewed their approval of the plan for demolition. The university received an estimate of $3 million to rehabilitate the building, and decided that the cost was not feasible.</p><br>
<p>Despite being listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as well as being a City of Tacoma Landmark, the building was demolished in 2004 after having stood vacant since the 1940s. Prior to its demolishing, the school was one of only two Japanese language schools left, of around four dozen that existed on the West Coast of the United States and in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>The Moses H. Cone Memorial Park is a country estate in honor of Moses H. Cone in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. It is on the Blue Ridge Parkway between mileposts 292 and 295 with access at Milepost 294. Most locals call it Cone Park. The park is run by the National Park Service and is open to the public. It contains 3,500 acre, a 16 acre trout lake, a 22 acre bass lake, and 25 mi of carriage trails for hiking and horses. The main feature of the park is a twenty-three room 13,000 ft&sup2; mansion called Flat Top Manor built about 1900. At the Manor there is a Craft Shop and demonstration center, along with an information desk and book store.</p><br>
<p>The activities in the park are walking, hiking, cross-country skiing, and horseback riding. More people use the park for hiking and horseback riding than any other activity. There is also fishing available at the two nearby fishing lakes. Many people also do amateur and professional photography, especially in the Autumn. The park is open year-round and sees 225,000 people each year being the most visited recreational place on the Blue Ridge Parkway</p><br>
<p>and second in visitors after the Folk Art Center that sees 250,000 visitors. Together with the Julian Price Memorial Park it is the largest developed area set aside for public recreation on the Blue Ridge Parkway.</p><br>
<p>A "moderate" walking trail is the Flat Top Mountain Carriage Trail to the Fire / Observation Tower where one can get a complete view of the park. The observation tower is 2.8 mi away from Flat Top Manor. The leisurely pathways to Bass Lake and Trout Lake go for a couple of miles. The Cone cemetery where the family burials are located is about a mile walk from the Manor. Cone genealogy family pictures are in the Flat Top Manor along with area information and history books.</p><br>
<p>Moses obtained advice from noted conservationistGifford Pinchot, the pioneering forester at the Biltmore Estate and First Chief of the US Forest Service, on planting white pine forests and hemlock hedges.</p><br>
<p>The town of Blowing Rock is two miles (3 km) away where many novelty shops are located along with the area restaurants.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 as Flat Top Estate, a national historic district. The district encompasses four contributing buildings and two contributing sites. They include the historic</p><br>
<p>landscape, Flat Top Manor house (1899-1900), carriage house (c. 1899-1905), Cone Cemetery (1908), Sandy Flat Missionary Baptist Church (1908), and the apple barn.</p><br>
<p>The Glen Tavern Inn is a hotel located in Santa Paula, Ventura County, California. It is in the Santa Clara River Valley, approximately 12 mi inland from the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is also an official City of Santa Paula and Ventura County Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1911 and is known for its colorful history. At the time the Inn was built, Santa Paula was growing and prospering as an oil town, and was headquarters to Union Oil. The Tudor-Craftsman hotel was designed by famed architects Burns and Hunt and funded by a consortium of twenty-five wealthy townsmen each of whom wanted one thousand dollars for its construction. It was erected directly opposite the train depot to provide accommodations to the many newcomers lured to the area by the burgeoning oil and citrus industries, and to provide a gathering place for Santa Paula&#39;s growing high society circles.</p><br>
<p>During Prohibition, the Inn retained something of its Wild West origins as the third floor - at that time an open space not yet built out into separate guestrooms - was utilized as a speakeasy, brothel and gambling parlor. Many legends stem from this era, including tales of murdered prostitutes and shootouts between unruly gamblers. These stories, though mostly unconfirmed, persist with a life of their own as part of the hotel’s rich lore.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Hollywood discovered the valley hamlet of Santa Paula. Its ruggedly picturesque vistas and hills – improbably close to the sprawl of Los Angeles - provided a setting for numerous Westerns. During this era, the Glen Tavern Inn hosted such notables as Carol Lombard, John Wayne, Houdini and canine thespian, Rin Tin Tin, who boasted his own suite long before “pet-friendly” entered the hospitality lexicon.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, as oil money and old Hollywood moved on Santa Paula traded fortune, glamour and vice for the quieter constancy of agriculture and small town life Americana. The Santa Susana Tunnel (opened in 1904) allowed for shorter routing, bypassing the town. The train depot became defunct, and likewise economic development bypassed the town. For the next half century the hotel endured a marginal existence, alternating owners and uses many times as it slowly sank into flophouse decrepitude until it was eventually rescued by developers with intentions of restoring its original grandeur.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost stories</h2><br>
<p>Keeping with hotel’s motto “Where the Past Comes to Life,” even the Inn is allegedly haunted. In July 2007, the Ventura Paranormal Society held its annual convention there. In 2013, the inn was featured on an episode of Ghost Adventures with special guests Brit Morgan and Mimi Page.</p><br>
<h2>Present day hotel</h2><br>
<p>During 2005 through 2007, the Glen Tavern Inn was extensively renovated by the Jennett Investment Group. Mid-renovation, in April 2006, the hotel sustained a fire. Fortunately, fire fighters were able to douse the blaze in time to save the landmark from major harm, and the burned portion was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>It reopened as a full service hotel, restaurant and lounge in 2007. It is frequently rented for private parties and events, and has largely reclaimed its faded status as a center for local social life.</p><br>
<p>The renovation preserved the Inn’s historical attributes alongside the addition of more modern amenities. It also revived its fabled glamour, and offers visitors a chance to relive the gilded days of excess and adventure at a place where spirited revelers and restless spirits seem to comingle quite amicably.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 2008, the Glen Tavern Inn was awarded Certificates of Special Recognition from the United States Senate, United States Congress and the California State Assembly for the successful restoration project.</p><br>
<p>Poole&#39;s Mill Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge crossing over Settendown Creek in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States, built in 1901. It is 96 feet long.</p><br>
<p>Circa 1820 Cherokee Chief George Welch constructed a grist mill, saw mill, and a simple open bridge at the site on this tributary of the Etowah River. Welch continued to run and maintain the mills and bridge until the Cherokee removal in 1838.</p><br>
<p>The land that held the bridge and mills was won in the land lottery by John Maynard of Jackson County, Georgia who sold the land to Jacob Scudder. Following Scudder&#39;s death in 1870 the mill and bridge were bought by Dr. M.L. Pool. A cotton gin was added at the site in 1920 but cotton was all but abandoned by local farmers when the poultry industry was introduced. The mill was left in disuse by 1947 and was burned by vandals in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The original bridge that stood at the site was washed away in a flood in 1899. It was decided that a new bridge in using the Lattice truss bridge style would be built on the site. The design called for wooden pegs to be driven holes bored into wooden beams to hold the design together. The beams were cut on site at the saw mill, but the holes were bored in the wrong positions. At this point the construction was taken over by Bud Gentry, who oversaw the redrilling of the holes. The misdrilled holes can still be seen in the bridge&#39;s beams.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1990s the bridge began to sag and a revitalization effort began. A support pier was built in the creek in the middle. During this revitalization private citizens also donated land in the area to allow the creation of Poole&#39;s Mill Park.</p><br>
<p>Vidette Lake is a small lake in the Deadman River Valley of the Thompson Country in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is not on the Deadman River, but it is on a tributary within the river&#39;s valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The route in the gold rush era from Kamloops to the Cariboo goldfields passed the lake.</p><br>
<p>A cabin, which is now the home of a tourist lodge on the lake, was a trading post on the Hudson&#39;s Bay Brigade Trail.</p><br>
<p>From 1933 to 1939, the Vidette Lake Mine operated on the east side of the lake producing 28,869 oz of gold, 46,573 oz of silver and 48 tons of copper. In the years since there has been further exploration.</p><br>
<h2>Centre of the Universe</h2><br>
<p>The lake has been visited and investigated by Tibetan Buddhist monks who have declared a location overlooking the lake to be the "Centre of the Universe." The owner of the property operates a guest lodge, the Vidette Lake Gold Mine Fishing Lodge, for people wishing to visit the site, which is unmarked.</p><br>
<p>The Short Hills Park historic district is the oldest area of that unincorporated community in Millburn, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It consists of roughly a thousand acres  with 125 buildings, mostly homes, in the area developed earliest by Stewart Hartshorn, whose goal was to create an "ideal town" for living close to nature and the countryside on the 1,550 acre he bought in the area in 1877. Many of the streets follow natural contours, and Hartshorn routed them to leave as many trees standing as possible.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Millburn regulates development and redevelopment within it through a special section of its zoning. The average house within the district was valued at over $2 million in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Short Hills, NJ.jpgStores opposite train station in downtown Short Hills, 2007</p><br>
<p>The Hippodrome Cinema in Boness near Falkirk is an early example of a purpose-built cinema and thought to be the oldest such building surviving in Scotland. The cinema, which opened in 1912, was built for the Boness cinematography pioneer Louis Dickson and designed by renowned local architect Matthew Steele. It is designated as a Category A listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name and the circular form of the building that Steele produced for Dickson might suggest that it was originally designed as a circus or theatre venue for travelling shows, but the earliest known plans, dated October 1911, show no evidence of this. They do, however, show a dedicated Operators box for a projector and are labelled Proposed Picture Palace, Hope Street.</p><br>
<p>Constructed on a corner site, the Hippodrome consists of a circular auditorium with wrap-around gallery facing a proscenium and small stage. What little ancillary space was wrapped around this filled in the corners of the site. The October 1911 plans show that at this stage the lavatories were to be built later. The flat roof was supported on three girders, running parallel to the screen.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, the cinema underwent various transformations by the original architect, including adding a domed roof and ticket office. The last film shown was in August 1975, after which it was turned into a bingo hall until its closure in 1980. Thereafter, it was left abandoned and at the mercy of vandals.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed Category B by Historic Scotland in 1979, and upgraded to Category A in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>In 2002 Scottish Historic Buildings Trust (SHBT) invited three companies to respond to their brief to find a use for the former Hippodrome Cinema.</p><br>
<p>The agreement made provision for the refurbished building to be transferred or leased to the creators of the preferred scheme on favourable terms in return for their speculative consultancy work.</p><br>
<p>Reinstating the cinema back to its former use and the creation of a community space was proposed by IDEAS, the Falkirk-based design firm. Although at the time the preferred option was for the building to be used as a Gym, SHBT requested that they retain an option on the IDEAS proposals.</p><br>
<p>Later, Falkirk Council initiated an HLF Townscape Heritage Initiative for Bo&#39;ness. A sustainable use for the Hippodrome was considered critical, indeed pivotal to the release of grant funding, the IDEAS proposal was revived and considered worthy.</p><br>
<p>Following grants from various organisations amounting to £1.8million, the cinema underwent renovation from the middle of 2006. The restoration work saved original features, including: cast iron radiators, oak panelling in the foyer area and art deco signs for toilets. The work was largely completed on 14 February 2008 when the keys were handed over to its new owner, Falkirk Council. The renovation then went through a final phase when modern cinema projection and sound equipment were added. On 9 April 2009, the cinema finally opened its doors again to the public - a reminder of the golden age of cinema.</p><br>
<p>On 1 July 2011, Falkirk Community Trust assumed responsibility for the management and operation of the Bo&#39;ness Hippodrome.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, VisitScotland gave the venue a four star rating, indicating "an excellent standard".</p><br>
<p>Agios Germanos,  is a village in the Prespes Municipality in West Macedonia, Greece. Agios Germanos is located at an altitude of approximately 1,100 meters , on a hillside, part of the Varnoundas Mountains. It is 7 km from the Prespes lakes, which can be seen from a panorama location of the village. Agios Germanos lies 45 km from Florina, and 44 km from Kastoria.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The village is the only village in the Prespes region that has preserved all of the old stone houses. The Byzantine church that forms the nucleus of the present village dates to the beginning of the 11th century. It has very interesting frescos painted in three different phases. Nearby, the church of Agios Athanasios was built at the end of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The village is especially known among tourists for hiking, bird watching and the Agios Germanos river with falls, which has the endangered species of the Salmo trutta peristericus trout. Agios Germanos river is on the northeast of the village. One can also see the restored water mills along the river.</p><br>
<p>Following the paths, one can reach the impressive mixed fir-beech forests,and the summits of Kitsevo or Despotiko (2,177m). The Sarakatsani, nomadic shepherds from Thessaly, have the tradition of bringing their herds to graze on these mountains every year from May to October.</p><br>
<p>Just north of the village is an early 20th-century church built by Steven Doinidis. This church is kept up by the villagers, who number just over 200 as of 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to Bosnian ethnographer Stephan Verkovic, in 1889 the village had 213 households and a population of 1016 Bulgarians. In 1905 the population had gone down to 1250 with 90 of them being Arnauts (Albanians) and the rest - Bulgarians.</p><br>
<p>Today, the village has a mixed population of Macedonian-speaking Slavophones, Aromanians and Pontic Greeks.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Winslow House, also known as the Winslow House Museum, is a mansion located in Marshfield, Massachusetts built around 1700. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Isaac Winslow House</h2><br>
<p>The Isaac Winslow House is the ancestral home of the founding family of Marshfield and was considered an avant-garde South Shore mansion.</p><br>
<p>Built by Judge Isaac Winslow, the house is virtually untouched by modernization. It has been occupied by a family of governors, generals, doctors, lawyers and judges who helped to create Marshfield and the South Shore. It survives as an example of how well-to-do landed gentry, particularly Loyalists, lived in the years prior to the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>Among its occupants were General John Winslow, leader of the Massachusetts militia, who is best known for his role in the expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia—an event commemorated by Longfellow in his epic poem Evangeline. His son, Isaac Winslow, was a Loyalist doctor who quarantined and inoculated many Marshfield and Duxbury residents afflicted with smallpox. Largely because of his actions, his property was not confiscated after the Revolution. Another notable occupant was the manservant Britton Hammon, who after voyaging at sea, being captured by Indians off the coast of Florida, and his subsequent escape and reconciliation with former master John Winslow, wrote his life story, becoming among the first African-Americans to have published his work in the New World.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Winslow family until 1822, and was later owned by Daniel Webster. It was restored and opened to the public in 1920. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>A tour of the home shows antiques and architecture from the Winslow period, and includes items such as a chest built by Newburyport furniture maker Edmond Titcomb in 1700, and a Queen Anne dresser constructed around 1760.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Webster Law Office, a National Historic Landmark, is on the grounds of the museum. It contains original letters and artifacts relating to the former congressman, Senator and Secretary of State who lived in Marshfield for the last twenty years of his life. Also on the grounds is a carriage shed housing Websters one-horse phaeton, as well as Marshfields own Concord Coach once used to transport passengers from Marshfield to Hingham, and a brougham formerly owned by a railroad magnate. A working blacksmith shop is on site and has been a favorite spot for many Marshfield school children on field trips to the house. Across the street is the 1857 Winslow Schoolhouse, and it shows how a school day would have been conducted prior to the American Civil War. The Tea Room, built in 1920 to serve turkey dinners used to raise money for the Winslow House restoration, is still in use for functions, lectures, field trips and dinners and can be rented out by private parties.</p><br>
<p>Since 1920, the Winslow House has been the property of the Winslow House Association, a non-profit group created specifically to promote and sustain the long-term well-being of the home. It is open to the public for tours on Wednesday through Sunday from Memorial Day to Columbus Day, and maintains a full schedule of dinners, lectures, concerts and other community events.</p><br>
<p>The Libyan Sea  is the portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of the African coast of ancient Libya, i.e. Cyrenaica, and Marmarica</p><br>
<p>(the coast of what is now eastern Libya and western Egypt, between Tobruk and Alexandria). This designation was used by ancient geographers describing the southern Mediterranean, but the term is also used by modern travel writers and cartographers. The southern coastline of Crete which borders the Libyan Sea includes the Asterousia Mountains and Mesara Plain; this area is the locus of considerable ancient Bronze Age settlement including the sites of Kommos, Hagia Triada and Phaistos.</p><br>
<p>Not counting Crete, other islands in Libyan sea are Gavdos, Gavdopoula, Koufonisi and Chrysi.</p><br>
<p>To the east is the Levantine Sea, to the north the Ionian Sea, and to the west the Strait of Sicily.</p><br>
<p>Geokaun Mountain  is the highest mountain on Valentia Island, County Kerry.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>On Geokaun&#39;s northern face the 600 ft Fogher Cliffs (an Fhoithir) meet the sea.</p><br>
<p>From the summit there are views of the Skellig Islands, Dingle Peninsula, the Blasket Islands, Beginish Island, Cahersiveen, Portmagee and Macgillycuddys Reeks, including three of Irelands six highest mountains: Carrauntoohil, Beenkeragh and Caher.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Geokaun Mountain is privately owned, and a fee is required to access the mountain via the main track to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Situated along the main path up the mountain are 4 viewing areas with 36 information plaques on topics of social, environmental and historical interest in the area. These plaques include information on subjects such as:</p><br>
<p>The Skellig Islands</p><br>
<p>The first transatlantic telegraph cable</p><br>
<p>Bray Tower</p><br>
<p>St Brendan&#39;s Well</p><br>
<p>The Knight of Kerry</p><br>
<p>Local birdlife</p><br>
<p>Seine fishing</p><br>
<p>Valentia Island lighthouse</p><br>
<p>The tetrapod trackway</p><br>
<p>Lake Oliver is a 2,150 acre reservoir on the Chattahoochee River, which lies south of Goat Rock Dam . The lake is created by the Oliver Dam and Generating Plant, which was completed in 1959 by Georgia Power.</p><br>
<p>The lake was named for James McCoy Oliver, an executive of Georgia Power at the time. Oliver Dam has four turbine units, and the dam itself is 70 feet tall and 2,150 ft long. At the southern end of the reservoir, Lake Oliver is relatively wide but quickly narrows and becomes almost riverine at the northern end of the lake, at the foot of the Goat Rock Dam upstream.</p><br>
<p>Public access to the lake is limited to one marina owned by the City of Columbus. Since Lake Oliver is entirely within the city limits of Columbus, Georgia, the shore is densely settled on both the Georgia and Alabama sides. Green Island Hills, an upscale development, is located on the lake at the mouth of Standing Boy Creek. Given the amount of settlement, there are many private access points to the lake.</p><br>
<p>In the summer, the lake is very crowded with recreational activity. The other three seasons usually see anglers fishing for sunfish. Lake Oliver also serves as the municipal water supply for Columbus.</p><br>
<p>The location of Oliver Dam is approximately at the Fall Line of the Chattahoochee River. Between Oliver Dam and the downtown Columbus, a few miles downstream, the river drops nearly 100 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<p>Lake Oliver is the northernmost point of the Chattahoochee Riverwalk a fifteen-mile long bicycle pathway that extends southward to Fort Benning.</p><br>
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<p>Spahats Creek Falls, also called Spahats Falls, is a waterfall on Spahats Creek within Wells Gray Provincial Park of British Columbia, Canada. Common references place the falls at around 60 m tall, but taking into account the second tier, it is closer to 75–80 meters tall. It is a popular stop for tourists and especially motorcoach tours since it is only 10 km off the busy Yellowhead Highway.</p><br>
<p>Spahats Creek rises from snowmelt and springs at a pass between Raft Mountain and Trophy Mountain. It flows 15 km west before tumbling over Spahats Falls and entering the Clearwater River.</p><br>
<p>Spahats is the First Nations term for bear and the stream was long known as Bear Creek. When the first accurate topographical map of the Clearwater Valley was published in 1953, it labelled the stream as “Bear Creek” and the falls as “Spahats (Bear) Creek Falls”. By the late 1960s, “Spahats” had become an accepted alternative due to the large number of Bear creeks in British Columbia and was officially adopted.</p><br>
<p>These impressive natural features used to be protected as tiny Spahats Creek Provincial Park, but in 1997 the boundaries of Wells Gray Provincial Park were expanded south along the Clearwater River and included Spahats. Tourists today see the anomaly of a "Wells Gray Park" entrance sign beside the road just south of Spahats Creek and another, more elaborate, sign 25 km further north. Spahats Creek Park used to have its own 20-unit campground with an attractive location deep in an old-growth forest, but in 2006 it was closed and converted into a gigantic parking lot.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Like the larger Helmcken Falls, Spahats Falls owes its formation to deposits of volcanic rock in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field. Starting about 300,000 years ago, numerous eruptions from Trophy Mountain poured into the Clearwater River Valley and filled it layer upon layer to a depth of over 300 m. Eruptions in various parts of this valley continued sporadically for 200,000 years, producing some 25 km3 of lava and creating Wells Gray Park features such as Murtle Plateau. After the eruptions, the Clearwater River re-established its course and began cutting into the lava. During the Pleistocene, gigantic icefields scraped away at the lava. When all this ice melted, the floods completed the carving of Granite Canyon on the Clearwater River and the side canyon where Spahats Falls occurs.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The main trail from the parking lot to the falls viewing platform takes about 5 mins to walk.</p><br>
<p>An alternate and slightly longer trail goes from the parking lot along the edge of Spahats Creek Canyon and joins the main trail.</p><br>
<p>A scenic trail starts at the viewing platform and goes north along the rim of Granite Canyon. It is a 20-minute walk to the Clearwater Valley Overlook. Return the same way or follow the access road back to the parking lot.</p><br>
<p>A short trail from the south-east corner of the parking lot follows Spahats creek upstream to a small loop trail originally built as a nature trail for the former campground. A 5 minute walk leads to a stand of impressive old growth red cedar trees.</p><br>
<p>The bottom of Spahats Falls is a strenuous scramble that starts at the viewing platform and quickly descends 300 m. Don&#39;t go during May and June when the canyon is very wet and the creek may be in flood.</p><br>
<p>The Clearwater River Trail is 17 km one-way and can be accessed at several points for a shorter hike.</p><br>
<p>A trail to the Spahats Natural Bridge starts 1.5 km south of the viewpoint turnoff and takes less than 30 minutes each way. The trailhead is not signed and the trail is rough and steep.</p><br>
<p>For detailed descriptions of these trails, refer to the guidebook Exploring Wells Gray Park.</p><br>
<p>Crast&#39; Agüzza   is a mountain in the Bernina Range in Italy and Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>The peak is bounded to the north by the Morteratsch Glacier and to the south by the Upper Scerscen Glacier. To its immediate north-west lies the Fuorcla Crast Agüzza (3,601 m); according to Collomb, this is the most important glacier pass across the central Bernina Alps; comparable in position with Col du Géant in the Mont Blanc range.&#39; The first party to reach the pass (from the north) comprised E. S. Kennedy and J. F. Hardy, with guides Peter and F. Jenny and A. Flury, on 23 July 1861. The first party to travese the col comprised Francis Fox Tuckett and E. N. Buxton together with guides Peter Jenny, Christian Michel and Franz Biner on 28 July 1864.</p><br>
<p>The usual ascent is made via the rocky east ridge from the Fuorcla da l&#39;Argient. This route was first ascended by Emil Burckhardt with Hans Grass and Peter Egger in August 1874.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is known locally as the Engadin Matterhorn.</p><br>
<h2>Huts</h2><br>
<p>Marco e Rosa Hut (3,597 m)</p><br>
<p>Oenoanda or Oinoanda  was an ancient Greek city in Lycia, in the upper valley of the River Xanthus. It is noted for the philosophical inscription by the Epicurean, Diogenes of Oenoanda. The ruins of the city lie west of the modern village İncealiler in the Fethiye district of Muğla Province, Turkey, which partly overlies the ancient site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The early history of the settlement is obscure, in spite of an exploratory survey carried out, with permission of the Turkish authorities, by the British Institute at Ankara (BIAA) in 1974–76. It seems that Oinoanda became a colony of Termessos about 200-190 BC and was also called Termessos Minor (or Termessos i pros Oinoanda). Oenoanda was the most southerly of the Kibyran Tetrapoleis in the Hellenistic Period, which was dissolved by L. Licinius Murena in 84 BCE, whereupon Oenoanda became part of the koinon of Lycia, as its inscriptions abundantly demonstrate.</p><br>
<p>Diogenes carved a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus onto a portico wall, which originally extended about 80 meters. The inscription sets out Epicurus&#39; teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics. It was originally about 25,000 words long and filled 260 square meters of wall space. The inscription has been assigned on epigraphic grounds to the Hadrianic period, 117–138CE. The stoa was dismantled in the second half of the third century CE to make room for a defensive wall; previously the site had been undefended.</p><br>
<p>The site was first noted by Hoskyns and Forbes, in 1841, and published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xii (1843). The extensive philosophical inscriptions of Diogenes of Oenoanda were identified later from scattered fragments, apparently from the stoa. It cannot be assumed that Diogenes erected himself. Evidence for an ancient Roman Bridge at Oinoanda has surfaced in the 1990s. By 2012 over 300 fragments of Diogenes&#39; stoa had been identified, varying in size from a few letters to passages of several sentences covering more than one block. New archaeological work is being conducted at the site by the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.</p><br>
<p>Oenoanda is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>The Murie Ranch Historic District, also known as the STS Dude Ranch and Stella Woodbury Summer Home is an inholding in Grand Teton National Park near Moose, Wyoming. The district is chiefly significant for its association with the conservationists Olaus Murie, his wife Margaret  Murie and scientist Adolph Murie and his wife Louise. Olaus and Adolph Murie were influential in the establishment of an ecological approach to wildlife management, while Mardy Murie was influential because of her huge conservation victories such as passing the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 and being awarded with the highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, for her lifetime works in conservation. Olaus Murie was president of the Wilderness Society, and was an advocate for the preservation of wild lands in America.</p><br>
<p>The Murie Residence, home of Olaus and Mardy, and itself listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, adjoins the former STS Dude Ranch. Both the Murie Residence and the STS Ranch provided accommodation for meetings of the Wilderness Society in 1953, and provided a base for writers and activists in the 1940s, 50s and 60s.</p><br>
<h2>The Muries</h2><br>
<p>Olaus Murie was responsible for landmark studies on caribou and their relationship to the environment in Alaska during the 1920s. He was joined by his younger brother Adolph in 1922, and met his future wife, Margaret "Mardy" Thomas in Fairbanks in 1924. Adolph later married Mardy&#39;s half sister Louise. Olaus undertook a study of the elk population in Jackson Hole in 1927, controversially concluding that the artificially-managed elk herd exceeded the carrying capacity of the range because of the managed feeding. The study was a landmark in the development of a holistic view of ecosystems and their inhabitants. From 1937 to 1940, Adolph studied coyotes in Yellowstone National Park, publishing a report that contradicted the existing policies on predator control, leading to reversal of National Park Service policies that encouraged the elimination of coyotes in the park. Adolph continued his studies of predators, publishing The Wolves of Mount McKinley in 1944, which resulted in a similar reversal of Park Service wolf control policies in Alaska.</p><br>
<p>Olaus and Mardy Murie moved to Jackson in 1927, living in a now-vanished house that they called "Pumpkin House." Adolph and Louise moved to Jackson in 1939. At the time of the parks expansion with the creation of Jackson Hole National Monument, Olaus was at the time on the board of directors of the Wilderness Society. Olaus was also on the board of Jackson Hole Preserve, Inc., which administered the properties purchased by the Snake River Land Company for eventual incorporation into an expanded Grand Teton National Park. When the Preserve acted on a proposal to create a fenced wildlife park in Jackson Hole, Murie resigned, prompting the National Park Service to disassociate itself from the venture, which proved short-lived. In 1945, Olaus Murie left government employment and became president of the Wilderness Society, at the same time moving to the STS property. The ranch was the venue for the 1948 Wilderness Society Council. The ranch also hosted a number of prominent visitors, including grizzly bear biologists John and Frank Craighead during their early careers, and USA Supreme Court justice William O. Douglas. Olaus publications written at the ranch include The Elk of North America and A Field Guide to Animal Tracks. Adolph wrote The Grizzlies of North America, The Wolves of Mount McKinley and A Naturalist in Alaska. Mardy Murie wrote Two in the Far North and with her husband Olaus wrote Wapiti Wilderness, essays on Jackson Hole and life at the ranch. The Wilderness Act was passed a year after Olaus Muries death which preserved 10 million acres of land in Alaska and today has preserved 100 million acres of land in Alaska as well as impacting other parts of the United States. After the death of Olaus in 1963, Mardy Murie joined the Societys governing council and continued Olaus&#39; work, still living at the ranch.</p><br>
<p>Mardy decided to honor her husband by working to preserve the nature which they both loved. In 1980, sixteen years after her husband Olaus died at 73 years old, Mardy Murie helped pass the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act which saved one hundred million acres in Alaska. Mardy was a very passionate woman who was also very emotional. This helped her unite everybody that she talked to as she tried to conserve nature. She had the ability and the humility to reach across generations, careers, power levels and positions. Mardy lived to be 101 years old and in the course of her life was recognized by four presidents. John Denver wrote a song about her entitled, A Song for All Lovers about Mardy Murie and Olaus Murie waltzing in the Arctic wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>STS Ranch</h2><br>
<p>The STS was established by Buster and Frances Estes (née Mears) near Menors Ferry in 1921 as a dude ranch. Buster was a local, while Frances first came to Jackson Hole from Philadelphia to visit the Bar B C Dude Ranch in 1914. Mears and Estes fell in love, marrying over the objections of Mears family. In 1922 the Estes heard from Holiday Menor that 76 acre were available just down the river from Menor&#39;s Ferry on the west side of the river. The Estes built a cabin and moved in in January, 1923. The dude ranch started small, with a single guest cabin and one tent. By 1927 the STS featured a log cabin, two frame cabins, a barn, a garage, and the five-room main house. The Estes gradually expanded to a capacity of 24 dudes, charging $55 per week, less than the $70 or more charged by the White Grass or Bar B C. The ranch flourished for a while, but was badly affected by the Great Depression. Rates went down, and a portion of the property was leased to the Nelson brothers, who built what is now the Murie residence. Buster and Frances built a new log house in 1940, but closed the ranch during World War II and worked in war production in Salt Lake City. The STS was purchased by the Muries (Adolph and Louise, and Olaus and Mardy) in 1946, with Adolph and Louise living in the original ranch buildings, Olaus and Mardie living in the Nelson house after 1950. The sale to the Muries was contingent on the Muries never operating the place as a dude ranch.</p><br>
<h2>Murie Ranch</h2><br>
<p>The Murie property amounted to 77 acre next to the village of Moose. Olaus immediately removed the property&#39;s fences. The Nelson house was purchased in 1950 and occupied by Olaus and Mardy. The Muries partially dammed an offshoot of the Snake to use as a swimming hole, the work completed by beavers. Olaus wrote about the ranch and its wildlife in his book Jackson Hole with a Naturalist.</p><br>
<p>Principal structures include:</p><br>
<p>The Studio: A one-story log building built in 1947 with one room and a front porch, used by Olaus Murie as a painting and drawing studio.</p><br>
<p>Homestead Cabin/STS Lodge: The original Estes homestead, built in 1925, the Homestead Cabin was the principal building of the STS Ranch. It was expanded gradually, evolving from a square to a T-shaped plan with additions for a lounge, dining room and library. The homestead&#39;s doors are notably short, since Buster Estes was short and adapted the doors to his dimensions.</p><br>
<p>Murie Residence: Formerly the Woodbury Residence, the one story log house was built in 1942 with views of Grand Teton from within. The original house comprises eight rooms, with another room in a 1950s addition.</p><br>
<p>Chena Cabin: A one-story log building with three rooms.</p><br>
<p>Estes Cabin: The home of Buster and Frances Estes after they made their homestead cabin into the STS Lodge, the Estes Cabin was moved to the site from an unknown location in Jackson. It was originally built about 1925. After the Muries purchased the ranch, it was occupied by Inger Koedt.</p><br>
<p>Robin&#39;s Nest Cabin: Located next to the Estes Cabin, the single-room cabin was built about 1925. The Estes used it as a bedroom for their daughter, while Inger Koedt used it as a guesthouse.</p><br>
<p>Moviewood Cabin: The wood frame cabin was built about 1925, and was used as an office and cutting room for a documentary on Mardy Murie entitled Arctic Dance: The Mardy Murie Story. It is now an office for the Murie Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Alatna Dulex Cabin: The Alatna was built about 1925 as a one-story, two-room log cabin with a communicating door between rooms, each of which has a separate exterior door.</p><br>
<p>Cabin Belvedere: A one-room 1925 log cabin.</p><br>
<p>Cabin Polaris: Similar to Belvedere, the cabin was once thought to be Adolph Murie&#39;s study, an idea now discredited.</p><br>
<p>Montana Duplex Cabin: Divided into two equal rooms, the 1925 Montana cabin was used as two guest units, with no interior door.</p><br>
<p>Wild Lone Cabin: Located at a distance from the main complex, the Wild Lone cabin was built about 1925 as a one-room log cabin.</p><br>
<p>Most of the cabins have an associated outhouse. The complex also includes a number of garages, sheds and utility buildings. A barn and storage shed were removed from the site and taken elsewhere in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The properties were declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Obsidian Cliff, also known as 48YE433, was an important source of lithic materials for prehistoric peoples in Yellowstone National Park near Mammoth Hot Springs, WY. The cliff was named by Philetus Norris, the second park superintendent in 1878. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The cliff was formed from thick rhyolite lava flow that occurred about 180,000 years ago. The vertical columns are cooling fractures that formed as the thick lava flow cooled and crystallized. The Cliffs stand at an elevation of nearly 7,400 ft. above sea level and go on for about half a mile. The cliffs also extend between 150 and 200 feet above Obsidian Creek. The flow consists of obsidian, a dark volcanic glass. The obsidian is most abundant at the base of the cliff and slowly tapers off to larger concentrations of pumice at the top. Obsidian from this site was first quarried here about 12,000 years ago. Early natives of North America placed a high value on the obsidian that came from this cliff as well as other similar obsidian deposits in the area because numerous tools could be fashioned from obsidian - most popularly knives, spear/arrow tips, and other sharp edged objects. In fact, obsidian from Obsidian Cliff was so sought after in early America (before the time of Columbus) that it was traded as far away as Ohio and Canada.</p><br>
<p>Many studies have been done on the composition of the obsidian from Obsidian Cliff and how the obsidian from Obsidian Cliff was distributed. This research has provided evidence of the direction and extent of prehistoric trade networks.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 13 mi south of Mammoth Hot Springs, on the east side of the Mammoth-Norris section of the Grand Loop Road. The Obsidian Cliff Kiosk, just north, is also listed on the National Register. Obsidian Cliff is also located on the northern end of Beaver Lake in Yellowstone National Park.</p><br>
<p>Oregon Trail Ruts is a preserved site of wagon ruts of the Oregon Trail on the North Platte River, about 0.5 miles south of Guernsey, Wyoming. The Oregon Trail here was winding up towards South Pass. Wagon wheels, draft animals, and people wore down the trail about two to six feet into a sandstone ridge here, during its heavy usage from 1841-1869. The half-mile stretch is "unsurpassed" and is the best-preserved set of Oregon Trail ruts anywhere along its former length.</p><br>
<p>The site is maintained as a state historic site, and was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The trail was first recorded in 1812, when Robert Stuart and six others came through here heading east from Fort Astoria, Oregon. Traders, trappers, and missionaries used this route before 1841 when the Bartleson-Bidwell party became the first wagon train across the trail. The number of emigrants grew from 100 plus in 1842 to over 900 in 1843. With the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1869, use of the trail as an overland route to the Pacific rapidly declined, although sections of it continued to be used locally for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The trail ruts are 0.5 mi long and are worn 2 to 6 ft into a sandstone ridge. The route was chosen to avoid the marshy ground along the river. It is located on the south side of the North Platte River, 0.5 mi south of the town of Guernsey.</p><br>
<p>Maria Atoll is an uninhabited small atoll of the Tuamotu group in French Polynesia. It is located in the far southeast of the archipelago, about 72 km southwest from Marutea Sud. Maria&#39;s closest neighbour is the small atoll of Matureivavao of the Acteon Group, 56 km to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Maria Atoll is oval in shape and bound by a continuous reef. It is 5.6 km long and 2.9 km wide. Its islands are low and flat and the lagoon is hypersaline.</p><br>
<p>This atoll is mostly called "Maria Est" in order to avoid confusion with another small atoll called Maria (Nororotu) in the Tubuai (Austral Islands) division of French Polynesia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded European who arrived to Maria Est was Jacques-Antoine Moerenhout in 1829. In some maps, Maria Atoll appeared as "Moerenhout Island". In 1850, it was inhabited by about 40 indigenous people.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Administratively, Maria Est belongs to the commune of the Gambier Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Sheridan Inn is a historic hotel in Sheridan, Wyoming. Designed by the architect Thomas R. Kimball of Omaha, Nebraska in 1893, it was constructed by the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad*</p><br>
<p>as part of its development program in Wyoming associated with extension of the railway. Equipped with the first bathtubs and electric lights in that part of Wyoming, the inn was considered the "finest hotel" between Chicago and San Francisco. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Bill Cody managed the hotel for the railroad from 1894 to 1896. He mostly attracted sportsmen for big game hunting in the Big Horn Mountains to the west, and hosted numerous notable guests. He often auditioned talent for his Wild West Show from the broad front porch during his ownership.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the style of hotels which Kimball had seen in Scotland, the three-story, wood-frame inn is 145 feet long under a gambrel roof, with broad porches 30 feet wide on two sides. The porches were designed with a gradual slope so that rainwater would run off. The hotel had 64 bedrooms on the second and third floors, each with its own dormer window. The large dining room sat up to 160 guests. The barns and livery stable associated with the Cody Transportation Company were at the rear of the property, but no longer survive.</p><br>
<p>After condemnation in 1967, the inn was purchased by Neltje Doubleday Kings, who had recently moved to the area from New York City. She undertook renovations and in 1968, "re-opened the Inn’s saloon, which was followed a year later by the re-opening of the dining room, the Ladies Parlor and the Wyoming Room, an all new addition to the Inn." The inn could host large social gatherings and became a center of community events. She also added a small gift shop and art gallery to the interior. She operated the inn for 18 years. She has since worked full-time as an artist, exhibiting her work under the name of Neltje.</p><br>
<p>Since 1990, the inn has been owned and operated by The Sheridan Heritage Center, Inc. The nonprofit organization has restored the entire outside of the building, installed a fire alarm system, and brought the first floor up to ADA standards and city codes. In 2006 it initiated a capital campaign to raise money for needed structural improvements in a "Core and shell" program, as interior conditions have deteriorated. Many rooms are smaller than current expectations for such space and spaces would need to be reworked. Plans are to redevelop upper floors to yield 22 rooms, with the entire facility to be operated as a boutique hotel. The national economy has affected fundraising and in April 2012, the inn faced foreclosure. On September 6, 2012, it was announced that the Sheridan Inn would close on October 1, 2012.</p><br>
<p>As of October 2013, the inn was purchased by Bob and Dana Townsend and Custom Services out of Tulsa Oklahoma. The first floor ballrooms have been reopened and a new restaurant named Open Range Bar & Grill opened in January 2015. The hotels rooms were opened to the public for the first time in over 50 years on May 15, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Marshall Field and Company Building which now houses, Macys at State Street, in Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1891-1892, and was the flagship location of the Marshall Field and Company, and Marshall Fields chain of department stores. Since 2006, it is the main Chicago mid-western location of the Macy&#39;s department stores. The building is located in the Chicago "Loop" area of the downtown central business district in Cook County, Illinois, USA, and it takes up the entire city block bounded clockwise from the west by North State Street, East Randolph Street, North Wabash Avenue, and East Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>Marshall Fields established numerous important business "firsts" in this building and in a long series of previous elaborate decorative structures on this site for the last century and a half, Both the building name and the name of the stores formerly headquartered at this building changed names on September 9, 2006 as a result of the merger of the previous Mays Department Stores (Marshall Fields former owner and parent) with the Federated Department Stores which led to the integration of the Marshall Fields stores into the Macy&#39;s now nationwide retailing network.</p><br>
<p>The building, which is the third largest store in the world, and it was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 1, 2005. The building architecture is known for its multiple atria (several balconied atrium - "Great Hall") and for having been built in stages over the course of more than two decades. Its ornamentation includes a Louis Comfort Tiffany, (1848-1933), (later Tiffany & Co. studios of New York City) mosaic vaulted ceiling and a pair of well-known outdoor street-corner clocks at State and Washington, and later at State and Randolph Streets, which serve as symbols of the store since 1897.</p><br>
<h2>Business history</h2><br>
<p>Although the official corporate name of the retail entity based in this building had been Marshall Field & Company (nicknamed Marshall Field&#39;s) from 1881 until 2006, the store has had five different names since its inception in 1852 as P. Palmer & Co. After being consumed by the "Great Chicago Fire" and splitting the wholesale business from the retail operations, the store resumed operations at State and Washington in a rebuilt structure, now leased from the Singer Sewing Machine Company. In 1877 another fire consumed this building, and when a new Singer Building was built to replace it at the same location in 1879, Field then put together the financing to purchase it. The business has remained there ever since, and it has added four subsequent buildings to form the integrated structure that is now called the "Marshall Field and Company Building."</p><br>
<p>Chicagos retailing center was State Street in the famous downtown "Loop" after the "Great Chicago Fire" of 1871, and this center has been anchored by Marshall Fields and its predecessor companies in this building complex. However, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts by the 1920s. Eventually, there was an influx of stores from other parts of the country as the pace of commercial retailing merged, consolidating, and spreading first regionally then nationwide. Nonetheless, the Marshall Field and Company Building has survived at this location. However, with the merger and conversion to Macys the emphasis of the store changed and store-branded lines replaced many designer labels, such as Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, Miu Miu and Jimmy Choo, which led to the disassembly of several designer departments of the former Fields (see picture below).</p><br>
<p>On September 9, 2006, at the time of the stores merger and conversion, the name of the building was officially changed to "Macy&#39;s at State Street". After buying out his various partners over the early post-Civil War era, Marshall Field founded the Marshall Field & Company corporate entity that survived 152 years and had arranged before his death, to have this building constructed. The sentimental objections to the conversion that both eliminated the existence of the corporate entity bearing his name and renaming the building bearing his name were widely reported in the national media of newspapers, radio and television.</p><br>
<h3>Business legend</h3><br>
<p>The store housed a business that established new retailing standards and broke many retailing conventions of the day. The company quickly became successful, and by the 1880s it was one of the three largest retailers in the country. Before Marshall Field&#39;s death in 1906, his company became the largest wholesale and retail dry goods enterprise in the world. and buying branches were located in New York City, London, Paris, Tokyo, Stockholm and Berlin.</p><br>
<p>The building has hosted the first escalators built in a department store and continues to be the second largest store in the world. Marshall Field took over the operations of the store in 1881 and became the first merchant to post the price of the goods in plain sight, which eliminated the common practice of haggling and charging whatever the buyer would pay. purchased in his store:</p><br>
<h2>Building details</h2><br>
<p>The 13-story granite building was constructed in stages between 1891-1892 and 1914 on a partitioned block with sections that were added to the building in 1902, 1906, 1907, and 1914. For a time, the building was the largest store in the world at 73 acre of floorspace, with the largest book, china, shoe, and toy departments of all the world&#39;s department stores.</p><br>
<p>The current building has several atria: A Louis Comfort Tiffany, (1848-1933), (later Tiffany & Co. studios of New York City) mosaic vaulted ceiling dome caps a 5-story balconied atrium in the southwest corner; the northwest section has a 13-story skylit atrium, and a newer atrium with a fountain in the center is bridged by double escalator banks. The Tiffany Ceiling is over 6,000 ft&sup2, and it is the first iridescent glass dome and it continues to be the largest glass mosaic of its kind. Only Egypt&#39;s 3,000-year-old Temple of Karnak, with its 70 ft columns rivals the four 50 ft Ionic-style capped granite columns on the State Street façade. The building is estimated to be 150.68 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The building is known for its two exterior clocks, which weigh about 7.5 ST each,</p><br>
<p>Today, the building is located at 111 North State Street, between Washington and Randolph Streets, within the designated "Loop" Retail Historic District of the Chicago "Loop", across State Street from the "Block 37" future construction project, across Randolph Street from the Joffrey Tower, and across Wabash Avenue from The Heritage at Millennium Park. An underground public concourse connects the basement to 25 East Washington Street, which formerly housed the Marshall Fields Mens Store. The building is a major hub for the "Chicago Pedway".</p><br>
<h2>Traditions and popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The building has several Christmas traditions: it is known as the former production site of Frango mints and for the Walnut Room Christmas tree. It also hosts an ornate decorated display windows series at the street level. The windows display includes thirteen themed windows along State Street that in recent years have displayed the themes of the unfolding of stories of Snow White, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Paddington Bear, The Night Before Christmas, Harry Potter, and Cinderella. Annually a three-story tall conifer Christmas tree is brought in for the Holidays season.</p><br>
<p>On November 3, 1945, American illustrator Norman Rockwell drew a picture of one of the Marshall Fields Building clocks on the cover of the famous "Saturday Evening Post" magazine, entitled "The Clock Mender". The Rockwell painting shows a man perched atop a ladder and adjusting one of the Marshall Fields clock to correspond with his own pocket watch. The old Oriental Theatre in the background proves this depicts the matching "Great Clock" at the northwest corner of the building at State & Randolph Streets. In 1948, Rockwell donated the original painting, "The Clock Mender", to the store, where it had hung on the seventh floor ever since. After Target Corporation sold Field&#39;s to the May Department Stores, which later merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005, the Federated officials discovered a reproduction copy on display. Federated removed the fake copy and asked Target to return the original. The painting has since been donated to the Chicago Historical Society, which had from February 26, 2000 to May 21, 2000 been the second stop of the seven-city national tour of "Pictures for the American People", the first comprehensive Rockwell career exhibition that had been organized by the High Museum of Art of Atlanta and the Norman Rockwell Museum of Stockbridge, Massachusetts and that had also visited the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., San Diego Museum of Art and Phoenix Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>In John Dos Passos novel The 42nd Parallel (1930), character Eric Egstrom is employed at this Marshall Fields building.</p><br>
<p>Authors G. K. Chesterton and Sinclair Lewis met in the Fields department store buildings book department, which resulted in their collaboration on the unpublished play "Mary Queen of Scotch."</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Hall of Hiram Masonic Lodge No. 7 is a historic Gothic revival building on South 2nd Avenue in Franklin, Tennessee. Constructed in 1823, it is the oldest public building in Franklin. It is nationally significant as the site of negotiations leading to the Treaty of Franklin, the first Indian removal treaty agreed after passage of the 1830 Indian Removal Act. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. It continues to serve the local Masonic lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hiram Masonic Lodge is located in downtown Franklin, on the east side of 2nd Avenue South, between Main and Church Streets. It is a three-story brick building with Gothic Revival features. The front facade is five bays wide, with a false front extending above the gabled roof to a crenellated parapet with pyramid-topped posts and a central gable. Windows on the facade are narrow lancet-arches, set in two-story round-arch panels in the outer bays, and in a lancet-arched bay in the center. The interior has large meeting spaces on the first two floors and offices and storage on the smaller third floor.</p><br>
<p>The building houses Hiram Lodge No. 7, founded in 1809. It was built in 1823, and is the oldest public building in Franklin and the oldest Masonic Hall in continuous use in Tennessee. In 1830, it was the site of negotiations between the Chickasaw Indians and a commission headed by President Andrew Jackson, which resulted in the Treaty of Franklin. This treaty, the first of the Indian removal agreements made in the wake of the 1830 Indian Removal Act, called for the Chickasaw to sell their lands and move west to today&#39;s Oklahoma. The treaty was never ratified, and the Chickasaw were later forced into the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the building was used as a hospital for wounded Union soldiers after the Battle of Franklin.</p><br>
<p>Pyrsogianni  is a village in the Ioannina regional unit, northern Greece. It is situated on a mountain slope on the right bank of the river Sarantaporos. It is in the municipal unit of Mastorochoria, and it was the seat of the former municipality Mastorochoria. In 2011 its population was 119. The Greek National Road 20  passes east of the village. It is 4 km northwest of Kastania, 20 km northeast of Konitsa and 60 km north of Ioannina.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>About the village</h2><br>
<p>The village includes the town hall of the Municipality of Mastorochoria and the Police Station of the region (mostly devoted to border guard duties). Visitors to the village will find also restaurants and coffee shops. The central spot of the village is the Pyrsogianni Hotel, which was built with the donations of the villagers. "The Brotherhood of Pyrsogianni" is a local organization that has to demonstrate remarkable projects. The most important sight of the village is the stone-built church of Agios Georgios, with an impressive bell tower. We should not forget also the new Ethnological Museum of Stonemasons, which is housed on the ground floor of the old stone school that was built in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Chinook Point is a headland in Pacific County, Washington. Located just northwest of the mouth of the Columbia River, it is historically significant for several reasons. Captain Robert Gray, the first non-native to enter the river, saw it from Chinook Point in 1792. In 1805, it was the site of an encampment by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It has been the site of military fortifications since 1864, most notably in the late 1890s, when most of the presently surviving Fort Columbia structures were built. The point, which constitutes the most developed portion of Fort Columbia State Park, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Chinook Point is a hilly promontory on the north bank of the Columbia River, roughly east of its actual mouth, which is marked on the north by Cape Disappointment and the south by Point Adams. The point is fortified with the remains of Fort Columbia, which include thirteen buildings erected in 1902, and three artillery emplacements installed between 1897 and 1900.</p><br>
<p>The mouth of the Columbia River, the major river of the northwestern United States, was almost discovered several times before Captain Robert Gray spotted it in 1792. Spanish explorer Bruno de Heceta saw both Cape Disappointment and Point Adams, but illness aboard ship prevented him from exploring further, and his ship was then driven out to sea by currents. Heceta recorded his opinion that there was a river mouth in the vicinity. British Captain James Cook explored the coastline in 1778, but missed the entrance bay entirely due to bad weather. In April 1892, Captain George Vancouver also sailed the area, but did not see the river mouth. Also in April 1892, Captain Gray made note of the strong currents, but was unable to enter the river mouth. He returned in May, and succeeded in entering the river on May 11. This formally established an American claim to the region that withstood later challenges. Gray made a landfall near Chinook Point to trade with the local Chinook people, for whom the point is named. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition was organised in the early 19th century, the river named Columbia by Gray was one of its objectives. The expedition reached Chinook Point in November 1805.</p><br>
<p>The area became of military interest in the 1860s, when the United States embarked on a systematic improvements to its coastal defenses, including in the Pacific Northwest. A military reservation was established at Chinook Point in 1864, but was not significantly developed. It was not until the 1898, when both the Spanish-American War and heightened tension with Britain over the Alaska boundary dispute prompted formal development.</p><br>
<p>Chinook Point is now part of Fort Columbia State Park, which is in turn part of the Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks, a series of parks preserving and commemorating sites related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.</p><br>
<p>The Backstairs Passage is a strait in South Australia lying between Fleurieu Peninsula on the Australian mainland and Dudley Peninsula on the eastern end of Kangaroo Island. The western edge of the passage is a line from Cape Jervis on Fleurieu Peninsula to Kangaroo Head  on Kangaroo Island. The Pages, a group of islets, lie in the eastern entrance to the strait. About 14 km wide at its narrowest, it was formed by the rising sea around 13,000 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era, when it submerged the land connecting what is now Kangaroo Island with the Fleurieu Peninsula. Backstairs Passage was named by Matthew Flinders whilst he and his crew on HMS Investigator were exploring and mapping the coastline of South Australia in 1802.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and exploration</h2><br>
<p>Backstairs Passage was named by Matthew Flinders on 7 April 1802 whilst he and his crew on HMS Investigator were exploring and mapping the coastline of South Australia. Flinders noted that this body of water is separate from Investigator Strait and that "it forms a private entrance, as it were, to the two gulphs; and I named it Back-stairs Passage."</p><br>
<p>On 6 June 1995, South Australian marathon swimmer Andrew Martin completed the first recorded solo crossing of Backstairs Passage, covering the 14.25km distance in 4 hours 31 minutes 30 seconds.</p><br>
<p>Like most Oceanic parts of South Australia, Backstairs passage is named after a part of a courtroom.</p><br>
<h2>Maritime history</h2><br>
<p>The coastal processes occurring in Gulf St Vincent and along the southern coastline of Fleurieu Peninsula are complex. Due to the relatively shallow Gulf St Vincent joining the Southern Ocean through the deeper Backstairs Passage, this narrow and dangerous channel is subjected to strong currents, heavy tidal swells and steep breaking seas.</p><br>
<p>In the early years following European colonisation many of the nearly fifty vessels wrecked in the hazardous waters around Kangaroo Island were lost while crossing Backstairs Passage to and from the mainland. This led to South Australia&#39;s first lighthouse, the Sturt Light, being built in 1851 at Cape Willoughby on the eastern tip of Kangaroo Island. A second lighthouse at Cape Borda on the northwestern tip of the island was built in 1858. In addition to vessels navigating the treacherous crossing to and from the mainland, sailing ships (commonly wooden barques) making use of the Roaring Forties trade winds on voyaging to South Australia could be propelled by the prevailing winds into Backstairs Passage, or as far Bass Strait.</p><br>
<h3>Shipwrecks</h3><br>
<p>San Pareille - brigantine wrecked between Cape Jervis and Lands End on 30 January 1855.</p><br>
<p>Vanquish - schooner wrecked near Fishery Beach in early December 1864.</p><br>
<p>Thistle - schooner wrecked near Cape Jervis in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Hopper Barge No.3 - hopper barge sunk at Lands End on 21 October 1880 during the operation to refloat the stranded SS Sorata.</p><br>
<p>Ferret - fishing cutter wrecked at Waitpinga Beach in December 1932.</p><br>
<p>Grelka - schooner wrecked near Cape St Alban, Kangaroo Island, on 25 January 1955.</p><br>
<p>Galini - crayboat wrecked near the Pages during November 1981.</p><br>
<p>Olive Florence - wooden sailing vessel started to leak and foundered in heavy seas, between Cape Jervis and Emu Bay, 30 May 1994.</p><br>
<h4>2005 Sea Kayaking Tragedy</h4><br>
<p>On 30 July 2005, two inexperienced sea kayakers drowned in Backstairs Passage, highlighting the treacherous marine conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>Protected areas located within and adjoining the strait’s extent include:</p><br>
<p>Conservation parks - The Pages at the strait’s east end, Baudin, Lashmar and Cape Willoughby on the Kangaroo Island coast, and Deep Creek and Newland Head on the Fleurieu Peninsula coast.</p><br>
<p>Marine parks - Encounter Marine Park</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<h3>Citations</h3><br>
<p>Grändalssjön  is a small lake in Tyresö Municipality south-east of central Stockholm, Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Grändalssjön, one of the lakes within the Tyresån Lake System, empties in its eastern end into a southbound bay of lake Albysjön located north of it. Immediately north of Grändalssjön is the Raksta open-air area, and Övre kärret ("Upper Swamp"), a swampy lake, is located west of the lake. Two small cottages located nearby, Grändalen and Skansen, are part of Gamla Tyresö.</p><br>
<p>The lake is popular for bathing and fishing. Motorboats are not allowed on the lake. It is virtually unaffected by eutrophication and human activities. It consequently has moderate levels of nutrients.</p><br>
<p>The stock of crayfishes is undocumented, but fishing using a maximum of ten tools is allowed with a fishing license. Aquatic vegetation is dominated by Fragile Stonewort.</p><br>
<p>Lake of Bays is a large lake in the District Municipality of Muskoka in Central Ontario, Canada. It is located in the Township of Lake of Bays, which is named after the lake. Ontario Highway 35 runs north and east of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Port Cunnington is a community established on a peninsula reaching out deep inside the lake. Other settlements on the lake shore include Dwight, South Portage, Baysville and Dorset.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic features</h2><br>
<p>The lake is fed by Oxtongue River, as well as other rivers and creeks flowing from the north-east (Boyne River and its tributary Sixteen Mile Creek, Ten Mile Creek, Hollow River, St. Mary Creek).</p><br>
<p>Bigwin Island is the largest island in the lake; other islands include Burnt Island, Fairview Island, Langmaids Island, Pancake Island, Raynor Island, Rock Island, Haystack Island, Millichamp Island, Reuben Island, Crown Island and Peanut Island. The irregular shape of the lake is defined by many bays such as Rabbit&#39;s Bay, Burnt Island Bay, Whitehouse Bay, Montgomery Bay, Portage Bay, Haystack Bay, Ten Mile Bay, Dwight Bay,Trading Bay and Murky Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of Name</h2><br>
<p>The First Nations apparently called the lake Num g e low e nee g go mark lak a hagan which means Lake of Forks. It was also known as Baptiste Lake, Forked Lake and Lake of Two Bays. In 1837, David Thompson traversed the lake and drew a map of the lake that refers to it as Forked Lake. On September 5, 1837, Thompson mentioned catching lake trout in the lake. Thomas Moffatt, an agent for the Hudson’s Bay Company (Moffatt reported an outpost on Bigwin Island) referred to it as Trading Lake. In 1853, a geological survey by Alexander Murray of the Geological Survey of Canada referred to the lake as Lake of Bays.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>Due to the many bays and large size of the lake, a number of amenities have appeared around the lake including lodges, resorts, campgrounds, and golf clubs.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Lake of Bays is a deep, cold, infertile lake which forms an important part of the Muskoka watershed. Despite its size and basin shape, low fertility and a short residence time combine to make it only moderately productive. Lake of Bays water is clear, and the maximum secchi disc reading obtained was 8 m.</p><br>
<p>The surface layer, which is 9 m in depth, varies in temperature throughout the year. In the summer months of July and August, the surface layer can have an average temperature approaching 21 &deg;C, while the top few metres can warm to about 26.5 &deg;C. Below the top layer, the summer temperature drops rapidly to around 7 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Fish Species</h2><br>
<p>There are many fish species in Lake of Bays. Those known to exist are:</p><br>
<p>Lake trout</p><br>
<p>Brook trout</p><br>
<p>Rainbow trout</p><br>
<p>Northern pike</p><br>
<p>Muskellunge</p><br>
<p>Walleye</p><br>
<p>Pumpkinseed</p><br>
<p>Rock bass</p><br>
<p>Smallmouth bass</p><br>
<p>Largemouth bass</p><br>
<p>Cisco</p><br>
<p>Whitefish</p><br>
<p>Lake herring</p><br>
<p>White sucker</p><br>
<p>Longnose sucker</p><br>
<p>Burbot</p><br>
<p>Yellow perch</p><br>
<p>Trout-perch</p><br>
<p>Rainbow smelt</p><br>
<p>Brown bullhead</p><br>
<p>Fathead minnow</p><br>
<p>Bluntnose minnow</p><br>
<p>Common shiner</p><br>
<p>Blacknose shiner</p><br>
<p>Northern redbelly dace</p><br>
<p>Brook stickleback</p><br>
<p>Northern pearl dace</p><br>
<p>Creek chub</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Lake of Bays is fished by cottagers, local residents and many visitors to the area. Lake trout and smallmouth bass are the main sport species and the lake has produced a number of trophy lake trout in excess of 20 pounds. These trout are difficult to catch, and require heavy trolling equipment once the lake warms up. Smallmouth bass are often found in the shallower water around the shores and on shoals. During the winter, the lake provides fishing for lake trout, whitefish, smelts, and burbot.</p><br>
<p>Långsjön  is a lake in the Tyresån Lake System located on the border between Haninge and Tyresö Municipalities in Stockholm County, Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Flowing west to east, the lake receives water from Lake Drevviken and empties into Tyresö-Flaten, and separates two residential areas — Skälsätra north of it and Tutviken south of it.</p><br>
<p>It is a shallow lake with step shores surrounded by flat rock terrain. Its water used to be unsuitable for bathing due to severe bacteria levels, but the situation has improved lately and bacteria levels in the lake are now in pair with the rest of the lake system, most likely due to decreased surface runoff caused by warmer winters. Levels of phosphorus and nitrogen are very high. The buffering capacity is very good.</p><br>
<p>Few species are contained in the lake, the aquatic vegetation of which is limited to some Reed.</p><br>
<p>The Agua Hedionda Lagoon  is a lagoon in Carlsbad, California, that is fed by the Agua Hedionda Creek. Stewardship of much of the lagoon is held by the Encina Power Station and its owner NRG Energy. In November 2000 the Agua Hedionda Lagoon was designated as a critical habitat for the tidewater goby.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>The Agua Hedionda Lagoon is open to the public as a passive recreation area. The lagoon is known as a place to walk, and for stand-up paddleboard, kayaking, wakeboarding, waterskiing, jet skiing, and wave runnering. The lagoon is also a public social destination, with events and gatherings. The lagoon sees most of its visitors during summer. Its location within the city of Carlsbad leads to its occasional reference as the “Carlsbad Lagoon.”</p><br>
<p>Passive Recreation Areas Legal definition: "A passive recreation area is an undeveloped space or environmentally sensitive area that requires minimal development. Entities such as a parks department may maintain passive recreation areas for the well-being of the public and for the preservation of wildlife and the environment. The quality of the environment and "naturalness" of an area is the focus of the recreational experience in a passive recreation area."</p><br>
<p>There is public access via Bay Shore Drive, which is open for walking traffic from sunrise to sunset. Walking is the primary way of visiting, and vehicles may not drive through when it is closed for pedestrian use. Vehicles are highly limited as it is not environmentally beneficial or safe on the shoreline.</p><br>
<h3>Regulations</h3><br>
<p>Regulations are necessary for those that come to visit, in order to a reduce pollution on the lagoon, including a prohibition on alcohol consumption. One of the biggest regulations would be alcohol regulation due to the bottles and cans that are potentially left on the lagoon and can harm the endangered species that are present.</p><br>
<p>The use of parasailing, a hovercraft, cabin cruisers, motorized surfboards, and aircraft are prohibited on the shorelines of bay. Visitors are also forbidden from leaving vessels on the lagoon. Public events must be approved by the City of Carlsbad Parks and Recreations Department and during these scheduled proceedings, swimming and/or wading is not allowed. A vessel permit is required for launching access from the bay shoreline.</p><br>
<h4>Fishing and boating</h4><br>
<p>Fishing is a popular activity at this lagoon. However, limitations are also implemented. There are designated fishing areas in the lower east end of the lagoon due to algae preventing quality fishing in other parts of the lagoon. Those who are fishing on a boat are not allowed to anchor, because doing so would disrupt the lagoon’s natural environment as well as endanger the species that live in the waters. In addition, all California Fish and Game Laws are highly enforced during this activity. There is a fishing license requirement for those that are 16 years and older. Shoreline fishing is allowed from all public access shorelines in all parts of the lagoon, fishing from a vessel is only allowed in the passive recreation areas.</p><br>
<h3>Agua Hedionda Lagoon Discovery Center</h3><br>
<p>The Agua Hedionda Lagoon Discovery Center is a nature center for education about the local natural history, ecology, and cultural history of the lagoon and surrounding area. The Lagoon Discovery Center has an award-winning Environmental Stewardship School Program aimed at local 3rd graders which incorporates hands-on learning on Lagoon history, archaeology, Native American culture, migratory birds, and watersheds and wetlands.</p><br>
<p>The Discovery Center also holds numerous free family festivals throughout the year, as well as free monthly lectures and birding hikes. The center opened in 2006 and features a large California native plant garden, and expansive lagoon views. The natural habitat is Coastal sage scrub.</p><br>
<h2>Dredging</h2><br>
<p>Dredging Agua Hedionda Lagoon has occurred every two to four years since 1954. Prior to the beginning of dredging, the lagoon was not connected to the Pacific Ocean. In 2014, about half of the sand pulled out went to a stretch of the beach between the intake and outlet jetties just outside the lagoon. The remaining sand was split between the beach at Tamarack and Oak Avenues, and the shoreline just south of the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The Encina Power Station, owned by NRG Energy, is on the lagoon and pays for the dredging. The power plant was commissioned in 1954, which is when the first dredging was recorded. Its location on the lagoon&#39;s southern shore, allows the lagoon water to be used for cooling the power plant. This power station is fueled by non-renewable natural gas. It is one the main sources of energy in San Diego metropolitan area.</p><br>
<p>Lagoon dredging supports two aquaculture businesses in the Carlsbad vicinity: the Carlsbad Aqua Farm which raises and sells oysters and mussels; and the Hubbs-Seaworld Institute, which operates a hatchery for White Sea bass.</p><br>
<p>According to Kasia Trojanowska, the Carlsbad Parks Planner, “the dredging puts sand back on the beach so that beach goers have a nice sandy spot to place their towels." Dredging maintains the tidal circulation of the lagoon and creates a larger beach that is free of rocks for a while.</p><br>
<h2>Desalinization plant</h2><br>
<p>The Carlsbad desalination plant at the lagoon will be able provide 50 million gallons of desalinated water per day. There are coastal and marine environmental concerns regarding the plant. By 2017, Poseidon Water will take over dredging responsibilities from NRG Energy.</p><br>
<p>Ypacaraí Lake is a major body of water located in Paraguay, about 50 km east of the capital, Asunción. The lake lies in the western part of the Asunción-Sapucai-Villarrica graben, a tectonic depression from the Mesozoic Era, and drains to the northwest through the Salado River into the Paraguay River. The lake is surrounded by three cities: Areguá, Ypacaraí, and San Bernardino, the latter two being located on its shore.</p><br>
<p>The song “Memories of Ypacaraí”, written by Demetrio Ortiz, caused the lake to become widely known. It is one of Paraguay&#39;s two main lakes and the site of many leisure activities. During summer, locals and tourists enjoy its beaches and the landscape.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the proliferation of toxic algae or cyanobacteria, the lake is the most polluted in Paraguay. The government has banned access to its waters.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The area of Ypacaraí Lake is about 90 km&sup2;. It is 24 km long north–south and 6 km long east–west. The average depth of the water is roughly 3 m.</p><br>
<p>The lake flows into the Salado River, which itself enters the Paraguay River and receives water from various bodies, of water such as the Yagua Resau, Yuquyry, Puente Estrella and Pirayu.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>The weather at the lake is temperate and sunny days are frequent. Temperatures vary between 20 and during summer and 3 and during winter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s original name was Tapycua. There are several possible explanations for the name. Ypacaraí means "holy lake" and is linked to the legend of the blessing of the lake by Luis de Bolaños around 1600.</p><br>
<h2>Art and culture</h2><br>
<p>The nearby town of Areguá offers permanent art and crafts exhibitions. The city&#39;s structure and antique architecture and are noteworthy. The artisan center of La Cuenca hosts a fair where local artists exhibit their work. Visitors and tourists can obtain information at the cultural center Estacion A; there is also an art center, the Guaggari Center, which is located at the entrance to the city and includes a sculpture exhibition. La Casa de la Cultura is a historical museum where temporary exhibitions are also presented. It opens for an important festival that takes place in September.</p><br>
<p>Ypacaraí Festival has been held every year in the city of Ypacaraí since 1971. The popular September gathering encourages folk expression and Paraguayan art, including concerts, dance and theater. According to the City Chamber, the festival “tries to rescue and reinforce the artistic heritage of the Paraguayan culture”. Casa Hassler, a cultural center, is open for the whole year, with permanent and temporary exhibitions. Artists can show their work here for free, and there is also a history museum, a public library, and classes in acting and dance.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>As Ypacaraí is a relatively shallow lake, boats and small ships can navigate it easily. The lake is surrounded by cities with facilities necessary for tourists and other visitors. The lake&#39;s beaches are open to the public, and they are very popular during summer, especially with people from San Bernardino.</p><br>
<h3>San Bernardino</h3><br>
<p>This city is 48 km from Asunción. It has beaches, cultural centers, pubs, and interesting restaurants. San Bernardino is also called the “Summer City” because of its facilities and attractions for visitors during that season.</p><br>
<h3>Areguá</h3><br>
<p>Areguá is 31 km from Asunción and has a charming, bohemian atmosphere. It is a favorite place for writers and well-known personalities. This city also has a public beach. Areguá holds an artisan fair where locals offer pottery and clay figures.</p><br>
<h2>Gastronomy</h2><br>
<p>The cities surrounding the lake offer a variety of gastronomic styles, including both fast food and traditional dishes. Fruit salads, pastries, chipas, and empanadas are among the dishes available.</p><br>
<h2>Travel</h2><br>
<p>The lake is visible when visiting one of the surrounding cities. Buses depart to San Bernardino and Ypacaraí from the Asunción Bus Terminal, and there is a bus to Areguá from Avenida San Martín or Aviadores del Chaco in Asunción.</p><br>
<p>Fort Guijarros (Spanish "Castillo de Guijarros"</p><br>
<p>) was a Spanish fort in what is now San Diego, California, USA. The name means "Fort Cobblestones" in English. It was built in 1797 on Ballast Point as the first defensive fortifications for San Diego Bay. It was involved in the Battle of San Diego, a naval battle between the fort and an American trading vessel. The site is registered as California Historical Landmark #69.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and location</h2><br>
<p>Fort Guijarros was made out of adobe and it had ten cannons mounted in gun emplacements. At least two of the guns survive. One of them, "El Jupiter", can be seen at Fort Stockton. "El Capitan" is located in Old Town Plaza in San Diego.</p><br>
<p>The fort was built in 1797 as the first defensive fortifications for San Diego harbor. It commanded the entrance to San Diego Bay from a rise at the base of Ballast Point at Point Loma. In 1796 the Spanish named the point "Punta de los Guijarros", which means "point of the cobblestones". The fort&#39;s English name is "Fort Cobblestones".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ten guns of the fort were fired in action only twice. The ships crew overpowered their Spanish captors and were headed out of the harbor when the guns of the fort sought to prevent her escape. Fire from the Lelia Byrds guns drove the fort&#39;s gunners to seek cover.</p><br>
<p>The fort again fired on an American smuggler in 1828. This time, the fort was under Mexican control and the vessel was the Franklin.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, during the Mexican American War, the American ship USS Cyane landed American Marines at nearby La Playa. The marines took abandoned guns from Fort Guijarros and used them to lay siege to Old Town San Diego.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 the United States Army took over Ballast Point and built gun batteries for the defense of San Diego as Fort Rosecrans. These installations were maintained through World War I and World War II. A lighthouse known as the Ballast Point Light was built on Ballast Point in 1890 and survived until 1957. In 1962 the United States Navy built a submarine base on Ballast Point as home port for the Pacific Fleet&#39;s nuclear attack submarines. The Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation conducts archeological digs and historical research into the history of Ballast Point.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is a historic church in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was the first large Gothic Revival church built in Alabama. The building was designed by architects Frank Wills and Henry Dudley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church was established in 1845, as the second Episcopal congregation in Mobile. Christ Church Cathedral was the first. The cornerstone for the building was placed on April 8, 1853. A yellow fever outbreak swept through the city in that year and the church&#39;s register shows that the rector conducted 49 funerals in September 1853. This appears to have delayed construction, but the building was finally completed in 1857. It was located at the corner of St. Anthony and Jackson Streets until it was moved to Dauphin Street in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Hurricane Frederic damaged the building in 1979. It removed a portion of the roofing, broke windows, and damaged the spire. All of this damage was repaired, with steel reinforcement added to the rebuilt spire.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It was nominated for National Historic Landmark designation, but did not obtain this status due to the building having been moved.</p><br>
<p>The church building was renovated in 2010. On Christmas Day 2012 it suffered major damage from an EF2 tornado that took a path through the city. The main sanctuary lost over a third of its roof, the front gable-end wall of the parish hall collapsed, and other structural damage was caused by the storm.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is Gothic Revival, in a Middle Pointed style inspired by 14th century English architecture. The church is built in brick and is an aisled nave-and-chancel structure with a monumental bell tower. This church served to inspire the rector of the Episcopal Church of the Nativity in Huntsville to hire Frank Wills to design a sanctuary for his congregation. The designs for both churches are very similar.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Gulf ) is a large triangular-shaped inland bay located on east side of Hudson Bay just above 56th parallel north in Quebec, Canada.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, regional councilors asked the Commission de toponymie du Québec to rename Richmond Gulf officially as Lac Tasiujaq.</p><br>
<p>A vast area surrounding the gulf, Clearwater Lakes (Lacs à lEau-Claire), and Iberville Lake (Lac DIberville) was included in the Tursujuq National Park, officially established on July 18, 2013.Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement</p><br>
<p>et des Parcs, Provisional Master Plan Parc national des Lacs-Guillaume-Delisle-et-à-l&#39;Eau-Claire, Quebec, 2008,</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The topography of the Richmond Gulf is the consequence of two geological faults running parallel to the coast. The resulting dislocation has given rise to the cliffs that dominate the western shore of the Gulf.</p><br>
<p>The western shore is guarded by the steep ramparts of sedimentary rock that rise abruptly out of the brackish waters. This unusual coastal relief of asymmetrical hills are the Hudsonian Cuestas and the highest system of cuestas found in Quebec. There is only one narrow breach in these fortifications at the extreme southwest end, called "Le Goulet" (French meaning "narrows" or "bottleneck"), which is a cataclinal valley 5 km long, 300 to 600 m wide and fringed by cliffs 200 m high. A large volume of water surges through it with the rise and fall of the tides, creating water level differences of about 0.5 m. Consequently, this passage does not freeze in the winter.</p><br>
<p>The eastern shore rises more gradually and is largely Canadian Shield rock, overlain in many places by basalt. Several large rivers enter Richmond Gulf in boisterous rapids or sheer falls (e.g. Clearwater River).</p><br>
<p>Point Pamiallualuk is a narrow spur of rock that juts out some 2 km into Hudson Bay, just north of Le Goulet. Here, the north-flowing tidal current of Hudson Bay collides with weaker counter-current to produce a lot of agitation, which is further enhanced by the strong wind.</p><br>
<p>On the south shore, there are the remnants of an abandoned Hudson&#39;s Bay Company trading post, called Fort Richmond, which operated from 1750 to 1759 and from 1921 to 1927.</p><br>
<h2>Name and history</h2><br>
<p>In 1743 the Hudsons Bay Company ordered its post at Fort Albany, Ontario to explore the whole east coast of Hudson Bay, an area rarely visited because it was barren and produced little fur. In 1744, Thomas Mitchell, captain of a HBC ship entered the lake and named it "Sir Atwells Lake", most likely in honour of HBC Deputy Governor Sir Atwell Lake, whose surname "Lake" became a source of confusion. Mitchell also recorded that same year the Cree name "Winipeq" for this location. The map of William Coats (1749) identified the lake under the Cree name "Artiwinipeck" and in English as "Sir Atwells Lake". Later on this body of water would be given several other names, particularly "Winipeke Bay", "Hazard Gulf", "Gulf of Richmond," and "Richmond Bay" until the Geography Commission of Canada accepted Richmond Gulf in 1905. The reason for this choice is not clear: it may refer to the Duke of Richmond or the name of Thomas Mitchells small vessel. In 1962, the Quebec Government decided to give French names to places in the northern Quebec and changed the name to "Lac Guillaume-Delisle", in honour of renowned cartographer and First Royal Geographer of France, Guillaume Delisle (1675-1726).</p><br>
<p>In 1749 the HBC ordered Fort Albany to build a post on the east side of the Bay. Since the loss of Fort-Rupert trade on the east side had been done by small ships from Fort Albany and most of it was confined to the forested country well south of Richmond Gulf. The reason for the new post is not clear but it may have been due to rumors of non-HBC traders planning to enter the Bay. In 1750 Captain Coates and John Potts built Fort Richmond on an island known as Factory Island off the south shore of the inlet. Traces of copper were found on the Little Whale River just to the south. A house was built on that river for miners and a small whaling operation, but the mine produced nothing of value. Since the area produced little fur the post was closed in 1759.</p><br>
<p>Some time during this period a group of Eskimos came to the Little Whale River post, found it occupied only by a boy, plundered the post and carried off the boy. Fort Richmond responded by seizing two Eskimos in the hope of exchanging them for the boy. In fact the boy had been murdered. Since the two sides did not know each other&#39;s languages the hostages may not have understood what was being done to them. The hostages grabbed two guns and used them as bludgeons against some HBC people. Since the HBC men knew that the guns were loaded they shot down the two Eskimos. Morton claims that this is the only case where the HBC shed native blood.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The many rivers flowing into Richmond Gulf make its water brackish but a healthy habitat for brook trout and whitefish, beluga and seal. Many species of birds, such as common loons, eider ducks and peregrine falcons, find summer shelter and nest here.</p><br>
<p>There are few scattered black spruce and larch in the surrounding tundra. The area has a flora of more than 415 vascular plant species, of which 65% (271 species) can be found on the so-called Hybrid Archipelago within the Gulf.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel President, formerly the President Hotel, is a historic hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It is now operated as the Hilton President Kansas City by Jury Hotel Group of Overland Park Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The President Hotel was built and completed in 1926 by Niagara Falls businessman Frank A. Dudley and operated by the United Hotels Company. The hotel was built in a construction boom that also saw the erection of the nearby Mainstreet Theater, Midland Theatre, and Kansas City Power and Light Building.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed its doors in 1980. It later underwent a $45.5 million restoration by developer Ron Jury and reopened in 2005 as the Hilton President Kansas City. The hotel is managed by Jury Hotel Group of Overland Park, Kansas. The hotel General Manager is Philip Strnad.</p><br>
<p>The hotel has recently completed another renovation.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel President was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>In 1928, it was the headquarters for the 1928 Republican National Convention, which nominated Herbert Hoover for President. The hotel&#39;s Drum Room lounge attracted entertainers from across the country, including Frank Sinatra, Benny Goodman, and Marilyn Maye.</p><br>
<p>Jubilee Hall is the oldest academic building on the campus of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. Completed in 1876, it was the universitys first permanent building, and is a good local example of Gothic Revival architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974, in recognition of the universitys place as one of the first historically black colleges and universities to be established after the American Civil War. It presently serves as an undergraduate residence hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Jubilee Hall is located on the northern side of the Fisk University Campus, on a loop drive at the northern end of 17th Avenue North at Meharry Boulevard. It is a large L-shaped masonry building, six stories in height, with a hip roof encrusted with gabled dormers and projections. Its main facade is divided into a central section and slightly projecting end sections, with a tower rising at the junction of the center and right sections. The tower rises to an open octagonal belfry and steeple, all adorned with Gothic spires. WIndows are generally set in segmented-arch openings, either singly or pairwise, with arched stone lintels. The main roof cornice has decorative brick corbelling.</p><br>
<p>Fisk University was founded in 1865 through the efforts of the antislavery American Missionary Association, and was named for Clinton B. Fiske. The school was qualitatively different from other schools, in that it was designed from the outset to provide a full liberal arts education to its African-American students. In 1871, the financially troubled school raised funds to build Jubilee Hall by sending the Fisk Jubilee Singers in their first European singing tour in 1873. Jubilee Hall was built in 1873-76 with proceeds from the tour. It was designed by New York architect Stephen D. Hatch.</p><br>
<p>Although its exterior is little changed, the interior has been completely modernized to provide dormitory facilities. It also houses a floor-to-ceiling portrait of the original Jubilee Singers that was given to the university by Queen Victoria during the 1873 tour.</p><br>
<p>The Montgomery Bell Tunnel, also known as the Patterson Forge Tunnel, is a historic water diversion tunnel in Harpeth River State Park in Cheatham County, Tennessee. Built in 1819, most likely by slave labor, the 290 ft long tunnel is believed to be the first full-size tunnel built in the United States, and is the first used to divert water for industrial purposes. It was designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1981, and a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Montgomery Bell Tunnel is located in a unit of Harpeth River State Park, north of the town of Kingston Springs, Tennessee. In this area, the Harpeth River undergoes a series of meanders. In one of these, two parts of the river are quite close after a lengthy oxbow, known as the Narrows of the Harpeth. The tunnel runs roughly north-south across this isthmus. It is 290 ft in length, and is dug entirely through limestone rock. Neither the tunnel nor its portals are lined in any way. The tunnel&#39;s profile shape that of a rectangle topped by a segmented arch, and is generally 8 ft high and 15 ft wide. The entrance portal is 12 ft high and 35 ft wide and the exit portal is 9.5 ft high and 16 ft wide. The tunnel has suffered some damage over the years due to erosive forces.</p><br>
<p>Montgomery Bell, an entrepreneur from Pennsylvania who was involved in iron foundries in central Tennessee, purchased the land in this area in 1818. Recognizing the potential to apply water power to the process of producing wrought iron, he directed the construction of this tunnel, which facilitates use of a 16 ft drop in river height for power generation. It is presumed that the labor involved in digging the tunnel was slave labor: Bell owned 83 slaves, the most in the county at the time.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel is the first known example in the United States of a "full-scale" water diversion tunnel. It is also apparently the first "full-scale" tunnel of any type in the United States, its completion predating that of the Auburn Tunnel (1821) in Pennsylvania, whose construction was begun first. The tunnel is the only feature of Bells iron works to survive; not surviving are a dam, head race, and the iron foundry itself, as well as Bells house, which was built nearby.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s, the land in this area was leased to the Boy Scouts of America for use as a summer camp. It was deeded to the state in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In the late evening, on September 2, 2011, a fire was lit in the tunnel. The amount of driftwood from 2010&#39;s flood in the tunnel enlarged the fire. The fire was eventually extinguished in the early hours of the morning. The tunnel, and the road passing over it, were damaged. It and the road were stabilized, however, and Montgomery Bell Tunnel is again safe.</p><br>
<p>The Two Groups Islands  is a minor subgroup of the Tuamotus in French Polynesia. It is formed by the atolls of Marokau to the north  and the uninhabited Ravahere to the south. The two atolls are separated by a 2 km wide sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>These two neighboring atolls were discovered by Louis Antoine de Bougainville in 1768. It was James Cook, however, who named them "Two Groups" the following year. He described Marokau and Revahere as a "chain of islands linked by reefs".</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Administratively the Two Groups Islands belong form the territory of the associated commune of Marokau, itself part of the commune of Hikueru, which consists of the two atolls of the Two Groups Islands (Marokau and Ravahere) and the three atolls of the associated commune of Hikueru (Hikueru, Reitoru and Tekokota).</p><br>
<p>Rattle and Snap  is a plantation estate at 1522 North Main Street in Mount Pleasant, Tennessee. The centerpiece of the estate is a mid-1840s mansion that is one of grandest expressions of the Greek Revival in Tennessee. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its architecture, and for its association with the Polk family, once one of eastern Tennessee&#39;s largest landowners. The house is privately owned, but may be viewed by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rattle and Snap is located on the south side of Andrew Jackson Highway (Tennessee State Route 243), roughly midway between the city centers of Mount Pleasant and Columbia; it is located at the eastern edge of the Mount Pleasant municipal boundary. The estate is presently more than 500 acre in size.</p><br>
<p>The main mansion house is a large two-story brick building covered by a shallow hip roof. It is L-shaped, with a long front facade covered by a stepped two-story colonnade, and with the brick finished in stucco. The center portion of the colonnade is fully pedimented four-column Greek temple portico, which projects forward from flanking pairs of columns, and another pair of columns set behind the end columns of the temple front. The interior of the house retains rich woodwork and plaster decorations in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1845 by George Washington Polk (1817-1892), one of the sons of Colonel William Polk and a relative of President James K. Polk. His father was a North Carolina native and Revolutionary War officer who was appointed surveyor-general of the Middle District of Tennessee in 1784. The plantation originally stood on 5,648 acre. Rattle and Snap was built with slave labor and is the largest, most extravagant mansion in Maury County. George Polk and his family lived in this mansion for fifteen years, selling it in 1867 to Joseph Granberry. The Granberrys owned the property until about 1920, calling it "Oakwood Hall".</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, many plantations and mansions in the South were either looted or burned by Union soldiers. Rattle and Snap survived. After the war, the Polk family went bankrupt and could not afford the land or the mansion; Rattle and Snap was sold to Joseph John Granbery in 1867. The Granberys lived in the mansion for over fifty years.</p><br>
<p>It is said to have been given its name from the fact that the land on which it was built was won from the Governor of North Carolina in a game of chance called Rattle and Snap.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Ashton windmill is a Tower mill in Chapel Allerton, Somerset, England. Its tower is over 7.5 m high with stone walls that are 60 cm thick. The sails are 13 m across and used to be covered with canvas. The last millstones were 1.2 m across and the millstones used to grind wheat for flour and beans for cattle food.</p><br>
<p>The first mill on the site was medieval, but the present structure probably dates from the 18th century. It was modernised in 1900 with machinery brought from the demolished Moorlinch mill, and iron hoops around the building being added. It was restored in 1967. The mill has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>It is now preserved, having been given to Bristol City Museum in 1966 and is owned by Sedgemoor District Council, and maintained by volunteers.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the council applied for listed building planning consent to undertake major restoration work on the windmill, including replacement of the stone steps, installation of hand rails, guard rails and safety bars, alterations to the window shutters and replacement of the sail frames with wood laminate.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 Sedgemoor Council decided it could no longer afford to maintain the windmill and has appealed for an independent group of trustees to take on the responsibility for the building.</p><br>
